ICHTHYOLOGY. 



661 



y. Etlentuli 



f 58. Cyprinus. 

 159. Prochilus. 

 Z. Pinna brevi. 



Ad medium dorn. 



. Corpore lato spisso 60. Brama. 

 f. Corpore castigate. 



t Barbatus . . 61. Mystus. 



ft Imberbes 



* Cauda? proxinia 

 Pseuraonopterus 



f 62. I^euciscus. 

 1 63. Harengus. 



64. Lucius. 



65. Pseudopterus. 



We come now to consider the system of the celebra- 

 ted Linnanis. At first this eminent naturalist adopted 

 the views and arrangements of his friend Artedi. By 

 degrees, however, he unfolded the principles of a new 

 method, which appeared in its most perfect form in the 

 12th edition of the Syitema Naturae, 1766, as follows. 



I. AroD3. 



Pinna* rentrales nullte. 



Apertura branchiarum ad latcra tho- 



rmcis 



Dorsum apterygium 

 Caoda aptera 

 Dente* rotundati 

 Caput corpore angustius 

 Carpus ensiforme 

 Corpus ovatum 



i ermtcrum . 



Murfpna. 



2. Gymnotus. 



3. Trichiurus. 



4. Anarhichas. 



5. Ammodytes. 



6. Ophidium. 



7. Stromateus. 



8. Xiphias. 



II. JCOVLAKES. 



Aperture branchiarura ad nuchani f). Callionymus. 

 Ot sinuim .... 10. Uranoscopus. 



Amu prope pertus . . 11. Trachinus. 



Pit>n*pectorl*ilongatnt in acumen 12. Gadus. 

 Pinnst ventralc* didactyls mutica: IS. Blenniiu. 



III. THORACIC I. 



Ot limum, corpus ensiforme 

 Capitu dorsum planum tnmsversim 



tulcatii n ... 15. 



Caput anticc truncto-ol tn-nm 16. 



I'inn* ventralc* coadunatx inpinnam 



U. Cepola. 



Echeneis. 

 Coryphatna. 



Gobius. 

 Cottui. 

 Scorpsrna. 



Zouf. 



PleuroTiectes. 



Chsrtodon. 



Sparus. 



Lahrua. 

 Scia-na. 

 Perca. 



ovatam . . . . 17. 



Caput corpore lathis . . 18. 



< aput cirri* adipenum . . 19. 

 Labium supen'us mrmbrina trans- 



versa fomicatum . . 20. 



Oculi ambo in latrre altero capilis 21. 



Dente* setacei confertiMimi, ncxilac 22. 



Denies valid! inci*ore* s. molare* 23. 

 Pinna donali* ramento post spinM 



noUU 24. 



Pinna donalis in Awtula recondenda 25. 



Opercula branchiarum serrata 26. 

 Cauda lateribus carinata ; spinse 



dorMks dutincto . 27. Gatro$teui. 



Cauda lateribu* caruiata : Pinnulte 



porisc plure ... 28. Scomber. 



S^uaoue, rtiam capitis, Uxc . 2y. Mullus. 

 Dtanti diatincti juxta pinna* pecto- 



rale* . . SO. TrigU. 



IV. ABDOMINALES. 



Corpus viz ad caudam angustatam SI. Cobitis. 



Caput nodum, osieum scabrnm 32. Amia. 

 Radius 1. pinna- donali* pectora- 



liuioque deoUUu . . 33. Silunu. 



Caput antice truncatum . 



Corpus cataphractum . . 

 Pinna dorsalis postica adiposa 

 Rostrum cylindricum operculo clau- 



sile . . . . . 



Mandibula inferior longior, punc- 



tata . . . 



Mem. branch, duplex, cxteriore mi- 



nore .... 



Anm caudic vicinu? 

 Fascia lateralis longitudinalis ar- 



gentea .... 



Mandibula inferior intus carinata 

 Apertura branch, linearis absque 



operculis 

 Pinnae pectorales longitudine corpo- 



ris . . . 



Digiti distinct! juxta pinnas pecto- 

 rales 



Abdomen carinatum serratum 

 Mcmbrana branchio&trga triradiaia 



S4. Teuthis. 



35. Loricaria. 



36. Saliuo. 



37. Fistularia. 



38. Esox. 



39. Elops. 



40. Argentina. 



41. Atherina. 

 4J. Mugil. 



43. Mormyrns. 



44. Exoortu'. 



45. Polynemus. 



46. Clupea. 



47. Cyprinus. 



Hitrr. 



The most remarkable change which we witness in 

 this system, is the removal of the cetacei and cartilagi- 

 nei of Hay from the class of fishes. The former he has 

 inserted in the class Mammalia, while he has placed 

 the latter among the Amphibia, under the order Xante*. 

 He was induced to assign to these last such a position 

 in his system, in consequence of trusting to the inac- 

 curate observations of l)r Garden of South Carolina, 

 who, from a dissection of the fish called dioJon, conclu- 

 ded that it possessed both lungs and branchiae. Subse- 

 quent systematic writers have in general restored them 

 to their true place among fishes. 



The ichthyologists who preceded Linnaeus, invaria- 

 bly endeavoured to employ those characters in the for- 

 mation of their primary divisions, which indicate some 

 peculiarity of organization, connected with the vital 

 functions. In other words, they attempted to discover 

 a natural method in ichthyology. Linnaeua assumed, 

 as the foundation of his system, the relation of the ven- 

 tral to the pectoral fins, without attempting to point 

 out the influence exercised on the animal economy, by 

 a change of position in these organs. Hence his Orders 

 are all arbitrary and artificial. In the construction of 

 his Genera, he was singularly happy in the choice 

 which he made of characters. Those which are essen- 

 tial have been given in the Table ; the natural character 

 was employed in the system itself. He introduced the 

 use of trivial names, and corrected the specific charac- 

 ters. His terras were classical and expressive, and the 

 whole system bears the stamp of a mighty genius. His 

 genera, it is true, have been divided, in order to form 

 new ones ; but how few have equalled this naturalist 

 in the luminous brevity of his characters. 



Gronovius, the cotemporary and friend of Linnaeus, Gronotiuj. 

 published his Muteum Iclithyologicum, in 2 vols. folio, 

 in the year 1754-6. In this work he attempted the 

 following systematic arrangements. 



I. CAUDA HORIZONTAL!. 

 H'halet. 



II. CAUDA PERPENDICULARI. 



System nf 



A. Radiis pinnarum cartilagineis. 

 CHONDROPTEIIVGII. 

 a. Pinnis ventralibus prz- 

 sentibus 



"5. Acipenser. 

 | 6. Calforynchus. 

 I 7- Squalus. 

 p. Raja. 

 1 



