BOTANY. 



Involucre. 



Fungi. 



Termino- ART. XLV. INVOLUCRE (inwlucrum)* consists of 

 '%'Y- leaves differing from the proper leaves of the plant, 

 which surround and enclose one or more flowers be- 

 fore they are evolved. It exists chiefly in the um- 

 belliferous plants. 



1. Common (toriversalc), when it encloses all the 

 flower-stalks. F;g. 7. Plate Ixvii. 



'2. Partial (partiale), when it only encloses the 

 partial umbels. 



3. Halved (dimidiatt/m), when it only encloses 

 half the stem. 



4. Pendent (dependens) . when the leafletshangdown. 

 ART. X LVI. FUNG:. Fungi are distinguished by 



parts totally differing from those of other plants. Fig. 

 2. Plate Ixvii. Fig. 44. Plate Ixix. 



1. Wrapper (vfitva), a thick fleshy membrane which 

 surrounds the young and unexpanded fungus, and af- 

 terwards remains close upon the ground. It varie 

 in external appearance. Fig. 4t. Plate Ixix. 



2. Ring* fannulut), a thin membrane which sur- 

 rounds the stalk like a ring. At first it is connected 

 with the pileus, and afterwards it forms a distinct part. 

 Fig. 2. Plate Ixvii. 



1. Erect (ercctus). When the ring is merely fixed below. 



2. Inverted (inversus). The reverse of the last. 



3. Sessile (sessilii). When attached by one side. 



4. Mobile (mobilis). When it can be pushed up and 

 down, as in Agnricvs antiquatus. 



5. Permanent (pereistens). When it exists as long as the 

 fungus. 



6. Fugacious (fi/gax). When it disappears on the de- 

 velopement of the fungus. 



7. Cobweb-like (arachnoideus). When composed of a very 

 fine membrane. 



3. CAP (pileus), the top of the fungus, supported 

 by the stalk. It generally contains the organs of ge- 

 neration. Fig. 2. Plate Ixvii. 



1. Flat (planus). With a plane surface. 



2. Round (convexus). Fig. 2. Plate Ixvii. 



3. Hollow (conrauas). Depressed above. 



4. Bossed (umbonatus). When there is a prominent point 

 in the centre. 



5. Bell-shaped (campanulatus). Wide below and convex 

 above. 



6. Squarrose (syuarrosus). When the scales stand up 

 from the surface. 



7. The parts of the pileus are as follows: 



a. The boss (umbo). A small protuberance in its centre. 



b. Gills (lamella:). Thin foliaceous membranes on the in- 

 ner side of the mushroom. They contain the cap- 

 sule of the seed. 



1. Two-rowed (biscriales). When a long and short gill 

 alternate. 



2. Three-rowed (triscriaks). When two short gills 

 stand between two long ones. 



3. Branched, (yumosce). When several gills unite. 



4. Decurrent (decurrentes). When the gills run down 

 the stalk. 



5. Venous (vcnosie). W r hen they are so small as to 

 appear merely as large veins. 



c. Tores (port). Small holes on the underside of the Soleti. 



rl. Prickles (aculei, eckint). Projecting points on the 

 genus Hydnum, which contain the organs of gene- 

 ration. 



e. Warts (papillte). Small protuberances on the under 

 surface, which also contain the organs of genera- 

 tion. 



Cap; 



ART. XLVfl. LITTLE CAP (cyphella), a pel- 

 tatcd cavity, with a raised rim. In some Algce. 

 ART. XLVIII. ENVELOPE (peridiam), a thin 



Termino- 

 logy. 



.Little cap. 

 Envelope. 



membrane on some fungi, under which the seeds lie. 



1. Simple (simplex), a single membrane. 



2. Double (duplex), two membranes. 



3. Circumcised (circunicissiim), when the upper is se- 

 parated equally round from the under part; as inArcyria. 



AKT. XLIX. f COVER (indusium), the tender <; over . 

 membrane that surrounds the sorus'm the Filices, and 

 is rent on the bursting of the seed vcsstls. 



1. Flat (planum), as in the Polypodium. 



2. Peltate (peltatitm) , when the membrane is flat, 

 and attached to the seed by a thiu membrane. 



3. Horny (cornictilaium), when it is cylindrical and 

 hollow, and encloses the parts of fructification, as in 

 the Equittetnm, 



4. Urceolale (urceolatum), when it has nearly the 

 appearance of a cylindrical cup, as in Trichomanes. 



5. Bivalve (bivalve) when it separates into two 

 parts, as Hymenophyltum. 



6. Continuous (continuum), when it proceeds unin- 

 terruptedly along a produced sorus. Pleris, Blechmtm. 



1. Superficial (xitpeifaiale), when it consists of 

 the superior membrane of the leaf, as Scolopendrum. 



8. Marginal (marginale), when it consists of the 

 membrane of the margin of the leaf, as in Adiantlmm. 



ART. L. TENDRIL (eirr/ms), a filiform body Tendril* 

 which some plants possess, and by which they attack 

 themselves to some support. They are commonly 

 spiral. Fig. 7, 10, 12. PI. Ixviii. 



1. Axillary (axillaris). Fig. 12. PI. Ixviii. 



2. Foliar (foliaris), when it springs from the points 

 of the leaves. Gloriosa supcrba. 



3. Petiolar (peiiolaris), when it stands on the point 

 of the common footstalk, a compound leaf, as in the 

 Ficia. Fig, 7. Plate Ixviii. 



4. Peduncular (peduncularis, ) when it rises out of 

 the stalk. 



5. Convolute (convolutus), when it winds regular- 

 ly round some prop. 



6. Revolute (rn'oluius), when it winds irregularly 

 round. 



ART. LI. BUD (gemma), that part of the plant jj u( |. 

 which contains the embryo, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 

 9, 11, 12. Plate Ixvii. 



1. Involute (involut(i), when the edges of the leaves 

 are turned inwards, as in Hurnulus lupulus. Fig. 12. 

 Plate Ixvii. 



2. Revolute (revoluta), when rolled outwards, as in 

 the Salices. Fig. 11. Plate Ixvii. 



3. Obvolute (obvoluta), when two simply closed 

 leaves, without being rolled, embrace the half of each 

 other. Salvia qffkinalis. 



4. Convolute (convoluta), when the leaves are rol- 

 led up spirally. 



5. Conduplicate (conduplicala), when they lie pa- 

 rallel to each other, as in the Fagus sylvalica. 



6. Circinal (circinata), when the whole leaf is rol- 

 led up, so that the outside is within, and the inside 

 without, as in the Filices. 



* The ring is properly a prolongation of the membrane of the pileus. When it remains attached to the pileus, it is called 

 '.ni'tiiia. 

 \ Dr Smith distinguishes the genera of the Filices,. by the mode in which the indttsiam bursts. 



