B O T A N V. 



coat, which contains many oert-i. Its part.i arc, 1. 



partition tdhsfiiiinentum); 2. the cells ilnr-uln,. 

 ta); II. tin 1 t'lilunullii through the capsule; 



4. the \Mliv-; (ivi/ru/io ; ;iml ~>. the suture (sidurn). 



70, 71, 7'J, H!l, Hit, 91. Plate Ixx. 



K. Tricor, mr. (fri'iwm). When a trilocnlar capsule 

 appears as if three had grown together, as in i'- 

 pAoriin, 7'Arn viiiJix, and /{ii-init*. 

 /3. Corticated (rnrtinita). When tl.. outer case is hard, 



and the inner one soil, as in the Magnolia. 

 N. B. The fruit of the hepatic mosses is also called a 

 , capsule. 



r. Nnt (nu.v). A seed covered with a hard shell that docs 

 not burst, as in I'mylui, itvrllann. Fig. (il, ti'i, b'li, 61, 

 65. Pl.ite Ixx. The shell is called putunu-u. 

 f. * Drupe (dnipn). A nut covered with a fleshy, succulent, 

 or cartilaginous coat. Prunus cerasvn, Amygdalvi 

 persica. Cocoa nuciftra, Juglans regiu, Jfalisiu. Fig. 

 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. Plate Ixx. 



f. " Berry (Aacca). A succulent fruit that contains many 

 seeds, but never hursts, as in Sites grnxsuluriii, Cur- 

 cinia mangostana, J/edera hdix. Fig. 86, 87. 1*1. l-\.\. 

 J. Apple (pomum). A fleshy fruit, having a perfect cap- 

 sule for the seed in its centre. Pyrut mulua, Pyrus 

 communis, &c. Fig. 80. Plate Ixx. 

 j. Pumpkin (pepo). A succulent fruit, having its seeds 

 attached to the inner surface of the rind, as in Cucu- 

 mis i-r/riw. 



ft. Silique (.niliqua). A dry elongated pericarp, consist- 

 ing of two valres, to the inner margins of both sutures 

 of which the seeds are attached, as in Sinapis alba, 

 &c. When it is broad, it is called silicule (7icu/a). 

 Fig. 77, 79. Plate Ixx. 



t Legume (Ugumen). A dry, elongated pericarp, con- 

 sisting of two valves, to the margins of the under su- 

 ture of which the seeds are attached. Fig 74 PI. Ixx. 

 K. Torolose (torolosum). When both valves are round 



and thick. 



;ii. Loment(foieniKm). An elongated pericarp, which ne- 

 ver bursts. It is divided into small cells, each of which 

 contains a seed attached to the under suture. 

 . Case (theca). The fruit of the frond of mosses. It 

 opens in the middle with a lid. 

 a. Calyptre (calyptra). A tender skin that covers the 



top of the theca. Fig. 31. Plate Ixix. 

 0. Lid (operculum). A round body that closes the theca, 

 and falls off when the seed ripens. Fig. 31. PL Ixix. 

 ','. Fringe (Jlmbria, annvlas,) a narrow, sinuated, and 

 dentated membrane, that lies within the opercu- 

 lum, and serves to throw it off from the theca. 



0. Mouth (pcrintoma, perittomium). The mcmbranacc- 

 oiis li'n th.'t surrounds the mouth of the theca. 



1. Kpiphragm (epipkragma). The thin membrane "> 

 which "icr the mouth of the thcca, in the 

 genus Polytrichum. 



Seed-column (sporungidium, colamnttla). A slender 



lilament passing through the middle of the theca. 



and supporting the 

 t. Ai>|)liysis (npopliysin). A fleshy body that is placed 



at the base of the thcca. 



There are nlso other productions of the parts of fructi- 

 fication, which receive particular names, as they did'ci 

 from the true pericarp. 

 . Strobile (strobilus). A catkin, the scales of which 



have become woody. 



/?. False capsule (capsula spmia). As in Ratuex. 

 "/. False nut (nux spuria). When the calyx becomes 



hard. 

 J. False drupe (drupa spuria). Where a nut is hah" 



sunk in a lleshy receptacle, as in the Tuxus bacratu. 

 t. False berry (bucca spuria). When the foliola of a 



catkin become fleshy, and assume the appearance of 



a berry. 



ART. LXVIII. BASE (basis], the part on which Ba<e. 

 the flower and the fruit stands. 



1. Receptacle (receptaculiim), an extended body, 

 on which the parts of fructification stand. 



a. Simple (prnprium). Not much raised, as in Fragaria 

 vesra. 



A. Common (commune). More extended, and contains ma- 

 ny flowers. 



2. Fruit bed (thalamus), an extended body that 

 encloses and conceals the fruit. If minutely divided, 

 the seed cases may be seen by the help of a micro- 

 scope. 



a. Target (pelta). A round or oblong fruit bed, chiefly 



found in the genus Peltidea. 

 t. Shield (scutella). A plate-shaped fruit bed, common 



to the Algte. 



c. Tubercle (tuberculum}. A convex fruit bed, without a 

 raised margin, also in the Algir. 



d. Trica (tried, gyroma). Having the appearance of a 

 saucer. 



e. Lirella (lirella). A linear fruit bed furrowed in tin- 

 middle. In the genus Opegrapha. 



f. Cistilla (fistilla). Shaped like a ball, within which is 

 a powdery substance. 



g-. Orbicule (orbiculuf). A round fruit bed, compressed on 

 the sides, as in Nidularia. 



Tcrirjiio- 

 logy. 



PART II. VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 



jtion. 



THE acquisition of the individual characters of plants 

 is not the sole object of Botany ; it aspires still high- 

 er ; it furnishes the materials, by the examination of 

 which the philosopher is enabled to develope all the 

 singular operations of nature in the vegetable king- 

 dom, and to constitute an interesting department of 

 science, to which the name of VEGETABLE PHYSIO- 

 LOGY is given, in opposition to that branch of phi- 

 losophic research, which derives its name from ha- 

 ving the various functions of the animal economy for 

 its object. 



Such being the end of vegetable physiology, it be- 

 comes necessary to convey some idea of the beings 

 whose functions this science professes to discuss; 



which cannot be better done than by taking a short 

 survey of all material beings. 



The most general, though by no means the most 

 obvious division of natural objects, is into organised 

 and unorganised bodies ; the first comprehending the 

 animal and vegetable kingdoms, the latter the mine- 

 ral kingdom. The peculiar characters of these great 

 classes cannot be confounded, as the former possesses 

 certain properties which are referable to a living prin- 

 ciple ; while the latter is dead matter, subject to cer- 

 tain mechanical and chemical laws. 



The line of distinction, however, between animals 

 and vegetables cannot be so readily traced ; for the 

 transition from the one to the other is so impercepti- 



If the flower have many styles, the germen of ech of which produces a small berry or drupe, all the small drupes tt, 

 berries coalesce, and form a large one. 



* 7 



