466 



BREWING. 



Brewing, workman standing upon the grate, has a hand jack, 

 "' which he screws up under the head of the rivet, to 

 hold it fast in its place, and immediately three men 

 within the copper batter down the end of the rivet 

 with the utmost expedition. In such thick plates, it 

 is almost impossible to get the joints quite close ; but 

 the contraction of the rivets in cooling, draws the 

 plates together so forcibly, as to make them nearly 

 tight, and the leaks cease as soon as the fire is light- 

 ed. The very great expence of these repairs, and 

 the loss occasioned by all the works being stopped, 

 render any form of the fire place, which tends to 

 preserve the copper, of very great importance. An 

 improvement in the construction of the fire places 

 was made by Mr Woolfe, who applied it to the cop- 

 pers at Messrs Meux's brewery, a drawing of which 

 will be found in the Philosophical Magazine, vol. 

 xvii. The description of an apparatus, which this 

 gentleman erected at the same works for heating wa- 

 ter, by the waste steam which passed off from the 

 coppers, was published by Mr Nicholson in his Phi- 

 losop/tical Journal, 8vo, vol. ii. 



Dr Shan- U r Shannon, as we have already mentioned, took 



jion's cop- out a patent for an improved brewing copper, which 



per. js a cylinder, having its axis placed horizontal, with 



flues for the flame passing round it in the manner of 



a screw. The steam of the copper is to be condensed 



in a vessel for the purpose, and the product returned 



to the copper. For a similar method of condensing 



the volatile part of the malt and hops, a patent was 



taken out by Mr W. Ker in 1788. 



Mr Jonathan Dixon has a patent for forming the 

 various vessels in a brewery in cast iron, in the same 

 manner as the cast iron mash tun, which we have de- 

 scribed. It has been objected to this iron tun, that 

 it permits the escape of the heat too quickly ; a de- 

 fect which would be easily remedied, by setting the 

 vessel in brickwork instead of supporting it 011 iron 

 columns. This very objection to the mash tun, is the 

 most forcible recommendation of an iron cooler, 

 where the object is to dissipate the heat of the con- 

 tained fluid ; and the wort would admit of being laid 

 thicker, that is, to a greater depth, than in wooden 

 vessels, in consequence of the iron transmitting the 

 contained heat more quickly than wood ; so that a 

 smaller surface of cooler would be sufficient for a 

 brewery; orifthesame surface were allowed, the cool- 

 ing might be more quickly performed. These cool- 

 ers would be free from the great repairs required in 

 wooden ones, and would not be cracked in hot weather. 

 Dr Shannon suggests many different forms of cool- 

 ers in his treatise on brewing. They consist in gene- 

 ral of serpentine passages, formed of thin metallic 

 plates, which are to be immersed in cold witcr, and 

 the wort to run through them, in order to be cooled 

 down to the proper temperature for fermenting. The 

 same principle has been put in practice at Mr Sau- 

 key's brewery, Maidstone, by a worm pipe near 800 

 feet in length, which is immersed in the water well, 

 in the same manner as the refrigeratory of a still. The 

 only objection to either of these methods is, that the 

 sediment which the wort always deposits, more or less, 

 in cooling, would become putrid, and taint the pipe ; 

 an evil which is not felt in distillation, as the spirit is 

 perfectly free from any sediment. Dr Shannon, in his 



patent, proposes a more practicable expedient for cool- 

 ing the wort, which is, to have the coolers with a me- 

 tallic bottom, and a few inches beneath this, another 

 formed of thin boards, between which a constant cur- 

 rent of air is to be forced, by obliging all the air, 

 which goes to the fires of the coppers and steam en- 

 gine, to pass through this space, and take away the 

 heat from the liquor. 



The great number of stop cocks which are requi- 

 red in the numerous pipes of a brewery, as shewn in 

 Plate LXX VII., renders their construction a matter 

 worthy of consideration, in so far as regards the ex- 

 pence of their first erection, and their subsequent re- 

 pairs. 



In Fig. 7 of Plate LXXIX., we have represented 

 a sluice cock, where AA is a cast iron frame, having 

 two pillars B rising from it, to support a frame C, 

 which contains a pinion for raising the rack a, and 

 drawing the slider D, which stops the bore of the 

 pipe. A flat plate of cast iron is screwed against 

 each side of the frame A, forming a thin box, in 

 which the slider rises and falls. Each of these plates 

 has a short pipe projecting from them, to connect with 

 the pipe, which the sluice is intended to shut up. 

 One oi these plates is ground flat, and the slider D is 

 fitted and ground against it, so as to slide freely, but 

 to fit perfectly water tight. On the oppsoite side of 

 the slider two steel springs It, b are bolted. The ends 

 of .these act against the other flat plate, in order to 

 press the slider against its fitting, and keep it close. 

 The slider D is connected with the rack by a smooth 

 cylindrical iron rod attached to both, and passing 

 through a stuffing box in the top of the frame A, 

 which is fitted so closely round it with hemp, as to 

 prevent the escape of any fluid by its sides. This 

 kind of sluice cock is very generally used in brewer- 

 ies, as it is the least expensive : an object worthy of at- 

 tention, when the large brass cocks such as are some- 

 times used for coppers cost from 30 to < 40, and 

 the great weight and si/e of the plug causes sucli 

 a friction, that it is difficult to open them with a lever 

 of moderate length. 



As the sluice-cocks are not sufficiently tight for 

 several purposes, but particularly for the suction 

 pipes of the pumps, unless they are constantly repair- 

 ed, Mr Thomas Rowntree has made many stop cocks 

 of the form shewn in Figs. 8 and 9 where AA are 

 the flauiiches for connecting the cock with the pipe, 

 B a chamber, in the centre of which is a spindle a, 

 passing through a stuffing box in the lid b, and hav- 

 ing a handle c to turn it round. Upon this spindle 

 a sector of brass rfis fixed, and when turned about, it 

 either closes or opens at pleasure the opening of the 

 pipe. A piece of brass is screwed into the chamber 

 for the sector to fit against, and they are ground to- 

 gether till they are perfectly tight, by which means 

 the friction is not serious ; and as the principal part is 

 made of cast iron, the expence is not very great. 



In Figs. 10 and 11, we have given two views of a 

 cock, extremely useful in breweries, which was in- 

 vented by Mr Bramah. In Fig. 11, A is a conical 

 brass chamber, with three pipes B, C, D, Fig. 10. 

 proceeding from it. The base of the cone is closed 

 by a lid E, in the centre of which another pipe F is 

 joined. Within the chamber a hollow conical plug 



Brew 



Stop c 



Sluice 

 cock. 

 PLAT 

 LXXi 



Fig. 7. 



By R 

 Row 



By 1 

 Brar 

 PLA' 



LX: 



Figs 



