B II I 



747 



I) II I 



iintuuy, f acc ] iavc vT y j; tt i L , f orcej but those which arc found 

 below the surface are remarkably good. The cc a- 

 pass, as might be expected, is subject to singular va- 

 riations in this part of the country. Salt is made in 

 great quantities in the villages on the bay of Bourg- 

 neuf, and in the territory of Guerande and Croisic. 

 In common years, the quantity of salt which is manu- 

 factured amounts to 4-0,000 muids, each muid con- 

 taining 144 minots, and each minot 100 poids de 

 marc. Supposing the value of eacli muid to be 100 

 francs, we shall have 4,000,000 francs for the value 

 of the salt which is annually produced. A very con- 

 siderable fishery is carried on, on the coasts of this 

 province ; about 30 or 40 boats are employed in the 

 fishing of the congo, or conger eels, of which nearly 

 4-tX) quintals are caught every year. Those which 

 are not consumed in the province, are sent to Bour- 

 deaux, and are sold at the rate of 10 or 20 francs per 

 quintal. The fishing of sardines and mackerel is car- 

 ried on to a great extent at Port Louis, Belleisle, 

 Audierne, and Brest, and great quantities are ex- 

 ported to Provencei Spain, Portugal, and to every 

 part of the Mediterranean. Port Louis alone sells 

 about 4000 barrels of sardines, and the inhabitants of 

 Belleisle make about 1000 or I '200. There is a sal- 

 mon fishery at Chateaulin, which rents at about 

 4500 francs annually. 



The principal manufactures of Brittany are sail- 

 cloths and cordage, fine cloths, and woollen stuffs. 

 The principal rivers are the Loire and the Vil- 

 aine, which are united with the Ronce, or Drance, 

 by means of a canal between Rennes and Dijon ; 

 the Coesnon or Couesnon, which is navigable 

 for six or eight months of the year from the sea to 

 the port of Angle ; the Andre or Endre, which is 

 navigable after it receives the waters of the Mandee; 

 the Alne, which falls into the bay of Brest, and 

 might be rendered navigable by sluices as far as 

 Carhaix ; the Morlaix ; the Odes ; the Blavet, and 

 the Ille. The principal ports of Brittany are Brest, 

 Nantes, St Malo, St Brieux, L'Orient, Vannes, 

 Croisic, Port Louis, and Treguier. This province 

 now forms the departments of Ille and Vilaine, Cotes 

 du Nord, Finisterre, Morbihan, and the Lower Loire, 

 which see under their respective names, (j) 



BRIXEN, the Sublavio of the ancients, the capi- 

 tal of a district of the Tyrol of the same name, si- 

 tuated in the midst of hills and vineyards, to the 

 south of the Brenner Mountains, at the confluence of 

 the Rientz and Eysach. This place, which has not 

 much of the appearance of a town, but rather re- 

 sembles the village-like capitals of the democratic 

 Swiss cantons, is well built, and the houses, which 

 are painted, are adorned with piazzas. The public 

 buildings are excellent, and the town has the advan- 

 tage of several spacious squares. The palace of the 

 bishop is rather mean, though capacious and well 

 built. In the cathedral, the cloisters of which are 

 covered with inscriptions, there are several paint- 

 ings by the first Tyrolese masters, and particularly 

 by the Unterbergers. The principal altar of the 

 parish church, the painting of the crucifix by 

 Schoepf, a pupil of Knoller, and the house for Eng- 

 lish ladies of rank, are among the principal objects 

 deserving of notice at Brixen. Besides the cathe- 



dral, there an- six oilier churches, of which ; 

 nedictine church is the finest. The town is governed by 

 its own magistrates, vi/. tv.o burgomasters, and two 

 counsellors. The mineral waters in the neighbour- 

 hood are much Frequented ; and at Klauscn, 

 three leagues from Brixen, there ii a fine collection 

 of paintings in the convent of Capuchins. Ti 

 cipal article of commerce is the red wine made in tin- 

 surrounding country. East Long. 11" 50', North 

 Lat. 46 35'. See Drummond's fravelt, p. 16, ar.d 

 Kuttner's Travels, (tv) 



BRIZA, a genus of plants of the class Triandri", 

 and order Di^'ynia. See BOTANV. 



BROADWOOD'S Tc>jM-n:mr>il of the M,. t ical 

 Scale. For several years past, Mr James Broad 

 a piano forte maker in London, has been celebrated 

 for the excellence of his instruments, as to perfection 

 of workmanship and tone ; and he has been eup- 

 posed, also, to employ the best set of practical tuner* 

 for attending to the tuning of the instruments of his 

 customers at stated periods : in pursuance, then-fore. 

 of the notice we gave at the end of our article BEATS, 

 of our intention to present our readers with an ac- 

 count of all the most celebrated systems or method* 

 of tuning keyed instruments that are known, consti- 

 tuting the most curious and important part of the 

 science of harmonics, we avail ourselves of a com- 

 munication which Mr Broadwood lately made to the 

 Monthly Magazine, (Vol. XXXII. p. 106 ; M.V also 

 pages 238, 321, and 424-), to give what that gen- 

 tleman calls his " practical method" of tuning, which 

 we shall do in his own words ; inserting, in paren- 

 theses, the numbers of beats made in one second of 

 time, by the several tempered fifths that are to be. 

 tuned, as they result from our calculation, which 

 will be given at length below, along with some other 

 matters, by way ofexphnation. 



Mr Broadwood, after mentioning that most tuners 

 begin their operations with the note C, says, " I 

 prefer tuning from A, the second space in the treble 

 cliff, as being less remote from the two finishing 

 fifths, than any other point of departure : the A 

 being tuned to the forte, (that for this particular 

 temperament should make 403.0443 complete vibra- 

 tions in one second of time), tune A below an oc- 

 tave ; then E above that octave, a fifth (beating flat 

 .9744 times in one second); then B above, a fifth 

 (beating 1.4598) ; then B below, an octave ; then 

 F& a fifth above (brating 1.0929) ; then its octave 

 F$ below; then (..$ its fifth above (beating .8183) ; 

 then G$ its fifth above (beating 1.2258) ; and then 

 G$ its octave below. 



We then take a fresh departure from A, tuning 

 D its fifth below (beating jtat 1.3017) ; then G its 

 fifth below (beating .8692) ; tliei. G it ; octave above, 

 then C its fiftii below (beating 1.1618) ; then C its 

 octave above, then F its fifth below (beating 1.5501) ; 

 then Bb its fifth below (beating 1.0350) ; then Bj> 

 its octave above, then E[) its fifth below (beating 

 1.382(i). The five Jjft/is tuned from notes below, 

 are to be tuned fl.ittrr than the perfect fifth, and the 

 six fifths tuned from tonesabovc, must be made sharper 

 than the perfect (i. e. the lower note is to be sharp- 

 er than for a perfect fifth, thereby making the in- 

 terval of the fifth flatter than the perfect as before),in 



