THE 



EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ; 



CONDUCTED BV 



DAVID BREWSTER, LL.D. 



F. R. &. LOND. AND EDIN. AND M. K. I. A. 



or m BOTAL ACAMKY or tcvrwn or PABM, AND or TO BOTAL A< IDCMT or SCIBICCS OF 

 BBU ; mmmn or TU BOYAL IBIMMI ACAMMT or KIKKCV; or TUB BOTAL SOCIETY or SCUCCCB* or DIBOIABK ; or 

 : BOTAL Mjrrrnr or flormec*, AMD or TIM BOTAL ACAOUIT or cnoicn or HOMDIA; BONOHABT ASSOCIATE OF TIIK 

 > UCBTT or tamcBB or LTOM; noiniTt nr rn mrnmr or ctvn. EMUNIKB* ; MEMMB or THE WM-IETY or THK >\- 

 or OCOTLAM> ; or rmi OBOLOIIIT it socmrr or UMHOM, A or TW AJTBOKOVICAL MX rarr or LONDON ; or THE 

 ocomr ; OWOBABV mtsm* or THE UTOABT AMD miuwopHic AL socnrr or KEW TOBK ; OF THE 

 JBW ran ; or TWI LmauBtr AXO FMHMOMICAL tocnn or ITBKVT ; or THE FVIUMOPMITAL 

 ; or TO UTOUBT A AXTMDABLUI BOCCOT or rnrra, or TO numamBj* UOTITUTHMI, AND or 



BOVAL HBNC4L AMD rVYBKAL tOCtBTIC* OF () ; OF THK ACAMOT OT MATTBAL CtKKCa OT PIUUMtLFU ; OF 



OOBTT or TO rBODOM or HATIBAL nrnwT or mcnu^; or THE KATVBAL mrroBT ocamr or rmAXxroBT; OF TMI. 



IXmuBT KKIBTT or LBBM ; OF THC kf>TAL OMOUKICAL artVTT OTCOBXW4LL, AXDOF TUB PMILOtOFHK \< 



WITH THE AMUTAJfCS OV 



(,r.MM:Mr\ I;MINENT IN SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 



IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES. 



VOLUM i: XII. 



EDINBURGH: 



I'KIMT.DFOR WILLIAM KLACKWOOD; 



!> JOHN \v.\n.ir. KinNBrRjiii; JOHN MURRAY; BALDWIN & CRALMXK ; 



J. M KK II i - \ LONDON AM) THK (>T1IKK PROPRIETORS. 



M.DCCC.XXX. 





