62 



INDIA. 



s , lri.ni the Jliylum ; about ' miles ,-ibove the city of 



r - Mulun, it flows into the Ravey ; the length of its course 



is about 420 miles. The Ravey enters the plains of La- 

 hore near Shahpoor ; its course is south-west till it 

 passes the city of Lahore, alrove which it is 120 yards 

 broad, and very rapid. After its junction with the 

 united streams of the Chunaub and Jhylum, its breadth 

 for a little way is upwards of a mile ; but it soon con- 

 tracts into a rapid stream not more than 350 yards 

 across. It falls into the Indus 20 miles below Multan, 

 bringing a volume of water nearly equal to that of the 

 Indus itself. Its whole course is about 500 miles. 

 The course of the Beyah, for the first 200 miles, is di- 

 rectly south ; it afterwards flows to the west ; it unites 

 with the Sutlege about 300 miles from the sea ; their 

 junction, however, formerly took place much lower, 

 where there is still a small' canal caUed the Oldbedjrke 

 river. The whole length of its course is about 350 

 miles. The Sntlege is the most eastern of the rivers 

 of the Punjab ; it enters Hindostan at Bellegpoor in 

 the province of Delhi. Before it is joined by the Beyah, 

 it is a very considerable stream ; after their junction, 

 they lose their respective appellations, and take the 

 name of Kirah, the Hyphasi* of the Greeks. About 20 

 miles below their junction they again separate, and 

 four streams are formed. Near Multan they unite 

 again, and fall into the Indus about 80 miles below that 

 place ; it is navigable 200 miles above the junction : its 

 whole course is about 600 miles. These five rivers of 

 the Punjab increase the breadth and depth of the Indus 

 so much, that there is water sufficient for vessels of near- 

 ly 200 tons burden, from the Gulf of Cutch to Lahore, 

 a distance of 760 geographical miles; these vessels, 

 however, are flat-bottomed. See INDUS. 



The Cag- The course and termination of the Caggar, or Cuggar, 

 gar. a river to the east of the Indus, are not accurately 



known ; by some it is supposed to be lost in the sands 

 to the west of Batneer, a town 176 miles to the north- 

 west of Delhi, and to have formerly joined the Sut- 

 lege ; and by others, either to join the Indus, or to fall 

 into the Gulf of Cutch. 



The Ganges The Ganges rises on the southern side of the Hima- 

 .nd its laya Mountains, and enters the plains of Hindostan at 

 streams. Hurdwar, in the province of Delhi, latitude 29 57', 

 longitude 78 2'. Its course is nearly straight till it 

 passes Allahabad, when it becomes more winding, and 

 its bed deeper and broader. After receiving the tri- 

 butary streams of Bengal and Bahar, some of which 

 are equal in volume to the Rhine, the channel attains 

 its full breadth, which is commonly about three 

 fourths of a mile, when the river is at its lowest. Its 

 depth, at this time, is 30 feet for an extent of .500 

 miles, before it reaches the sea. Of the different 

 branches into which this river is divided before it en- 

 ters the gulf of Bengal, the westernmost, called the 

 Hooghly, and the most eastern, which receives the 

 Brahmapootra, are the widest and most important. 

 The Hooghly is the only branch that is commonly navi- 

 gated by ships. The whole course of the Ganges is 

 about 1500 miles. For a fuller account of this river, 

 see the article GANGES. 



The first large river that joins the Ganges after it 

 enters Hindostan Proper, is the Jumnah: Its source 

 is supposed to be farther to the north-west than that of 

 the Ganges. A little before it enters Hindostan Pro- 

 per, (which it does in the province of Delhi,) the two 

 rivers are only 40 miles distant from each other. Af- 

 ter its entrance into Hindostan, its course is nearly 

 parallel with that of the Ganges, at the distance of 

 from 50 to 75 miles. These rivers unite at Allahabad. 



Its whole course is about 730 miles, on the west side Statistics. 

 of the Ganges. Ten miles below Etaweh^ a town in ^^ "V"*' 

 the province of Agra, the Jumnah i^ joined by the 

 Chumbul, which rises near the source or the Nerbuddah 

 in the province of Malwah. Its course is north-easter, 

 ly : its whole length is 440 miles. It constitutes the 

 boundary between the British possessions in Hindos- 

 tan Proper on the south, and those of Scindiah. The 

 largest rivers that flow into the Ganges from Bengal 

 and Bahar are the Goggrah, the Soane, and the Cosa. 

 The first is composed of the waters of the Goggrah and 

 the Saregu, which unite at Swargadwara. They after- 

 wards flow through the province of Oude, and unite 

 with the Ganges in Bahar. The course pf the Gog- 

 grah is nearly parallel to that of the Ganges on the east 

 side. The Soane rises near the Nerbuddah, on the east 

 side of the table land of Amercuntuc. Its direction is at 

 first due north; it afterwards turns to the north-east, and 

 joins the Ganges in the province of Bahar. Its whole 

 course is about 500 miles. The course of the Cosa, 

 which rises in the Himalayah mountains, is at first 

 S. S. E. ; it afterwards winds very much. Its junction 

 with the Ganges takes place 45 miles above Rajemal, 

 in the district of Purneah, in the province of Bengal. 

 Formerly these rivers united at Rajemal : its course is 

 about 400 miles. The Brahmapootra, which afterwards 

 forms the great eastern branch of the Ganges, is sup- 

 posed to rise very near that river. Its course for a con- % 

 siderable way is eastward, and at one place it reaches 

 within 220 miles of the most western province of 

 China. It then very abruptly turns to the west, through 

 Assam, on the north-east of Bengal, a country re- 

 markable for the number and magnitude of its rivers, 

 most of which flow into the Brahmapootra. It en- 

 ters Bengal near Ranjamattey. Its course is now 

 west, and afterwards south, in the Decan district of 

 that province, where it is joined by the Megna. The 

 Ganges and the Brahmapootra unite below Lucki- 

 poor. The whole course of this river, as far as it is 

 known, is about 1650 miles. It flows 400 miles 

 through Bengal. Though the Ganges and it rise near 

 each other, yet at one part of their course they are 

 1200 miles distant. 



The rivers in the Decan, or central division of Hin- The rivers 

 dostan, are the Nerbuddah and the Tuptee on the west, of the Dc- 

 and the Subunreka, the Mahanada, and the Godavery can. 

 on the east. The Nerbuddah's course has been already 

 noticed ; but while the Soane flows to the north-west, 

 the Nerbuddah takes nearly an opposite course, flow- 

 ing almost due west. It has fewer windings than 

 most Indian rivers. After passing through part of the 

 provinces of Gundwana, Khandeish, Malwah, and Gu- 

 zerat, it joins the sea 25 miles below Baroach. Its 

 whole course is about 750 miles. The Tuptee, or Su- 

 rat river, rises in the mountains which bound the pro- 

 vince of Berar on the north. Its direction is westerly, 

 through Khandeish and Guzerat ; and, after a course 

 of about 400 miles, it falls into the sea about 20 miles 

 below Surat. The Subunreka rises in the southern ex- 

 tremity of the province of Bahir. Its course is to the 

 south-east for 250 miles, when it falls into the Bay of 

 Bengal, about 30 miles to the west of the Hooghly 

 mouth of the Ganges. This river is by some consi- 

 dered as the north-east boundary of Hindostan Proper. 

 The Mahanada rises in the hilly country of Gundwana ; 

 it's course is very winding. In the district of Cuttack, 

 in the province of Orissa, it receives several streams, 

 one of which afterwards separates from it. The Maha- 

 nada then directs its course to the bay of Coojung, 

 where it falls into the Gulf of Bengal. Its whole course 





