I N N 



131 



I N O 



with ammonia or its carbonate. Lines drawn , with this 

 become visible, of a fine red, on exposure to a gentle 

 heat. Sulphate of zinc applied to them gives them a 

 rich yellow. This ink must be applied, however, im- 

 mediately after it is formed. It becomes deteriorated 

 in so short a time as twenty minutes. (//. I).) 



I \ I. A V 1) NAVIGATION. See NAVIGATION Inland. 



INN. VALLEY or, a valley of Switzerland, in the 

 canton of the Orison*, bounded on the north-west by 

 the mountainous chain of Septimen, Julien, Scaletta, 

 Fluela, Varaina, and Salvretta; to the west by the 

 Maloggia ; and to the south-east by the chain of Berni- 

 na. It extends eighteen leagues in length, from north- 

 east to 10010- west, and is traversed throughout by the 

 river Inn. This valley is named Engadime in German, 

 and in the language of the country Engiadina, which 

 some etymologists conceive may be derived from words 

 signifying the head of the On or Inn. It is one of the 

 richest and most beautiful in Switzerland, and is divi- 

 ded into two portions, the Higher and Lontr Enga- 



A* the valley of the Inn belongs to the primitive 

 Alps, and -lies in a high situation, the climate is rude 

 during a long part of the year ; but almost every differ- 

 ent quarter has a different climate. Winter continues 

 nine months, and the inhabitants can seldom dispense 

 with fire in their apartments in the course of the other 

 three. The sun is never oppressive : a week seldom 

 elapses without hoar-frost during the wannest weather ; 

 and sometimes the hottest day is succeeded by rreeaing 

 in the night Snow frequently falls in June or July : 

 the lake* freeze from the end of November until the 



lie* five or six feet linn 

 , art frequently felt, the shock* 

 ' in a direction from east to WML 



The river by which the valley is watered, rises in a 

 nail lake called Lungin, or Lagin, behind the moun- 

 tain Septimen, and is at first called the water of Oen. It 

 falls into the lake of Sils, at Siglio ; leaving which, it 



valley to 



Thupf, it roll* its water* across the plain* of Bavaria. 

 At Parsan it unite* with the Danube, there a much less 

 cnnaidmhk river, whrn it lose* it* own name for that 

 of the other. The Inn i* a beautiful limpid stream, 

 characterized bv fine and picturesque scenery. There are 

 twelve email lakes in the valley of the Inn, and twenty. 



The High* Engadine extend* MTOI league* in 

 length, from Mount Malaggia to Mount Casanna ; but 

 it* level ground is only from a quarter to hall" a mile in 

 breadth. It universally present* the appearance of ha- 

 ving been hollowed out by the action of the waters. 

 It u traversed by primitive bed* of calcareous stone 

 and gypsum, and contain* argil of all colour*. 



The Lower Engadine extend* eleven league*) from 

 Brail to Pont St. Martin, and i* more fertile and pepu- 

 loua than the former. Many thick forest* of pine clothe 

 the valley ; and the southern tides of the Lower F.nga- 

 dine are covered by those of fir, from which constant 

 applies are drawn for the salt-works of the Tyrol. 

 Barley i* the only grain which is cultivated. LeguaM* 

 creed weU ; but there are few fruits, and the climate, 

 in general, i* not favourable to vegetation. The bread 

 baked hen i* made to last three, or even six month*, 

 and is thence extremely hard. 



The inhabrunu of the valley ire of agreeable phy. 



siognomy, laborious, active, and in a comfortable con- Inn, 

 dition. Those, however, of the Higher Engadine, are Inoculation; 

 represented as superior, in every thing, to the inhabit- " ""Y"" 1 

 ants of the Lower Engadine. They dwell in several vil- 

 lages, of which Soglio is computed to be at the height of 

 6300 feet above the level of the sea. All the villages of 

 the high district contain good inns, those of the low dis- 

 trict are not equally so. Agriculture is prosecuted to a 

 much greater extent in the latter, but there seems to be no 

 manufactures of any importance. A particular essence, 

 known by the name of spirit ofiva, is distilled from a 

 plant which is much prized in Italy for its musky and 

 aromatic odour, and the plant itself is exported, in con- 

 siderable quantities, to Saxony and France, for the same 

 purpose. The population of the valley is annually de- 

 creasing, and luxury is making rapid advances. There 

 is a considerable preponderance of females, probably 

 from the resources offered for the enterpnze of the 

 males being too limited ; whence they have to perform 

 many of the offices, which would more naturally fall to 

 the province of the other sex. 



Most of the Protestant clergy of the canton are na- 

 tives of the Engadine ; and the 1'rnte-tant religion is 

 professed throughout the valley, except by the commu- 

 nity of Tarasp. The administration of justice is better 

 in the High than in the Low Engadine, where the judges 

 are accused of too great a propensity to severe puni-li- 

 ment, and resorting too readily to torture. Likewise, 

 it i* said, that the laws are very defective, and law suits 

 tedious and expensive. Emigrations are not so general 

 from the former as the latter. The natives repaired to 

 Venice in great number* from the thirteenth century ; 

 and, in the year 1 61 +, several thousand shoemakers, all 

 from the valley, were found in that city. Hut their 

 entrance into the Venetian state* was prohibited in 

 1766, since which time many have principally followed 

 the occupation of confectioner*. Carrying their indus- 

 trious habit* to other countries, some are enabled to re- 

 turn, with considerable profits, to pas* their old age at 



humr. 



The inhabitant* of the valley have sometimes parti- 

 cipated in the political disquiet* of the neighbouring 

 nation*. All their villages were burnt by the Austrian* 

 in 1721 and 1722, and the valley became nearly desert- 

 ed. Five year* later, the Autrians were expelled by 

 the Duke De Rohan ; and the inhabitants enjoyed pro- 

 found peace until the recent revolutionary wars which 

 have agitated Europe. A French army having passed 

 the frozen lakes in 1799, took possession of the valley, 

 inthecouneof the aggression* of their government; and 

 in Switzerland several conflicts ensued between them 

 and the Austrian*, by whom they were finally driven 

 out in the year 1801. (c) 



INOCULATION, in Medicine, the artificial produc- 

 tion of an infectious disease by morbific matter, brought 

 in contact with the animal fibre. This is practised, for 

 the sake of inducing a milder form of disease than that 

 which u the general consequence of casual infection, 

 and for protecting the constitution against future at- 

 tack* of the same disease. 



Inoculation ha* been performed, for the sake of ex- Intentwn 

 periment, in various diseases which are known to at- . f lnocul a- 

 tack the human frame only once, but in none with that " on ' 

 marked success which ha* taken place in small-pox. Chiefly mtd. 

 Wherever it has been practised, it has greatly diminish- '"* ""*" 

 ed the mortality arising from that disease ; and hence '" 

 ha*, for nearly a century, been in general use as a pre- intereiting 

 ventive of its dangerous forms. nature of 



Inoculation comprehend* some of the moat curious. 1 



