J O A 



190 



J O A 



ln\ crr.>- plied with water, has four bastions, 80 cannon, anil con- 

 sliire tains barracks for 3000 men. Though a beautiful spe- 

 cimen of fortification, it is considered detective as to 

 p os j t ; on . an( j j s particularly assailable from the east 

 along the shore, under cover of a sandy bank. Fort 

 Augustus, situated at the western end of Loch Ness, 

 was built in 1730. It has the lake on the north, the 

 river Tarf on the south-east, and the Erish on its north- 

 west side. It has four bastions, and barracks for 400 

 soldiers. It was taken by tlie rebels in 1746, but was 

 afterwards deserted by tlicni. Fort William stands at 

 the eastern extremity of Loch Linnhe. It was origi- 

 nally built during Cromwell's usurpation, when it oc- 

 cupied much more ground than it does now. It was 

 rebuilt by King William on its present reduced scale, 

 and is now of a triangular form, having two bastions, 

 15 twelve pounders, and -some mortars. In 1 746 it 

 stood a siege of five weeks, which* was at last raised, 

 with the loss to the garrison of (Jnly six men killed and 

 four wounded. These two last forts were adapted for 

 nothing else, but keeping the undisciplined Highland- 

 ers in awe. They may now, however, be of some use 

 as stations, for those who are to look after the Caledo- 

 nian Canal, and to collect its imposts. ( For an account 

 of this great national work, see INLAND Navigation.) 

 Roads. By * ne ' ate exertions of the parliamentary commis- 



sioners for Highland roads and bridges, numerous and 

 convenient communications have been opened between 

 the different parts of this county. The roads are all 

 carried on excellent lines, and executed in the most su- 

 perior and substantial manner. The road up the north 

 side of Loch Ness, cut through solid rock, is a grand 

 example of what human industry can accomplish in 

 overcoming natural difficulties. It is for the most part 

 carried along the face of perpendicular precipices hang- 

 ing over the lake. An enumeration of all the roads 

 made in Inverness-shire under the direction of this bo- 

 dy, would exceed our limits ; we must, therefore, refer 

 to the map, accompanying their last report to parlia- 

 ment on this subject : suffice it to say, that the total 

 length of line, without including Sky, does not amount 

 to less than 282 miles. The employment of such a 

 number of hands as have been required to execute these 

 roads, has tended in some measure to raise the price of 

 labour ; but it has also given a degree of dexterity to 

 the workmen of the Highlands not formerly possessed 

 by them, which will be of great future benefit to the 

 country. 



We intended, under the present article, to have given 

 an account of the island of HARIUS, and the other 

 smaller islands which belong to the county of Inver- 

 ness ; but we have thought it better to include the 

 whole of these islands under the heads of LEWIS, and 

 the islands connected with it, (including HAHIUS,) SKY, 

 and UIST. (T. L. p. ) 



INVERSION, in Music, consists in placing one of 

 the notes of a consonance either an octave higher or 

 lower than it is written, or had before been considered ; 

 by which means, the complements of the inverted notes 

 to the octave are produced. On comparing the ratios 

 of inverted notes with those of their originals, it will 

 be found, that one of the terms remains the same, and 

 the other term is either halved or doubled. () 



INVOLUTION. 'See ALGEBRA, vol. i. 132. 



JOAN OF ARC. See ARC. 



JOANN1NA, the capital of Albania, and, next to 

 Salonika, Adrianople, and Widdin, the most consider- 

 able place in European Turkey. It is said to have 

 been founded by Michael Lucas Sebastocrator, and by 



the despot Thomas, who conquered Amuratfv Bey, the Joanninn. 

 general of Amurath II., 4 in 1424. It stands on the > 'V' 

 west bank, and near the northern extremity, of a large 

 lake ; and is about two miles and a hJklf in length, and, 

 in some places, nearly a mile in breadth. The ground 

 on which it is built begins to rise and to become uneven 

 towards the north and west, and a triangular peninsu- 

 la, jutting into the lake, and defended by fortifications, 

 contains the residence of the pasha. There are two 

 principal streets ; one running nearly the whole length 

 of the town, and the other cutting it at right angles', 

 and extending to the fortress. Many of the houses are 

 large and well built. The bazar, or the street inhabit- 

 ed by tradesmen, is well furnished with shops of a 

 shewy appearance ; and the bizostein, or covered bazar, 

 is^ of considerable size. There is a summer residence 

 of the vizier in the suburbs, at the north-west end of 

 the town, built in the form of a pavilion, in a very su- 

 perior style ; containing a large saloon, floored with 

 marble, and situated in the midst of a garden, which is 

 filled with the fruit-trees of the country, but otherwise 

 in a wild and tangled state. 



The first view of Joannina, on the road from Arta, is 

 extremely beautiful. The houses, domes, and minarets, 

 appear glittering through groves of orange, lemon, and 

 cypress trees ; and the lake spreads its smooth expanse 

 at the foot of the city, while the mountains rise abrupt- 

 ly from its banks. The lake is about 10 or 12 miles in 

 length, and three in breadth, stretching from north- 

 west to south south-east, and containing two woody 

 islands, one of which, towards the south, is of consider- 

 able size. On the western side of the lake are seen a 

 beautiful verdant plain, the whole line of the town, arid 

 a long succession of groves and gardens ; and, on the 

 north and east, a chain of lofty mountains, one range of 

 which, running from north to south, called Tomorh, is 

 the ancient Tomasus, and another, from north to south- 

 east, called Metzovo, is the ancient Pindus, dividing 

 that part of Albania from the plains of Thessaly. Tiie 

 southern extremity of the lake extends into a hilly 

 country, and forms at last a small river, which disap- 

 pears for a few miles"before it reaches the marsh on the 

 banks of the gulph of Arta ; and hence, by some geo- 

 graphers, has been improperly styled the ancient Ache- 

 ron, which did not flow into the Ambracian, but the 

 Thesprotian Gulph. 



The population of Joannina is computed at the lowest 

 to be 35,000, of which one-tenth are Mahometans, and 

 the remainder Christians, with a few Jews. The Greek 

 citizens are considered as a distinct race from the inha- 

 bitants of the adjacent country, and are supposed to be 

 descended from ancient settlers who had retired from 

 Peloponnesus. They are remarkably industrious, and 

 excel in works of embroidery. Except the priests, and 

 a few persons employed by the pasha, they are all en- 

 gaged in trade ; and many of them have spent three or 

 four years in the mercantile houses of Trieste, Genoa, 

 Leghorn, Vienna, and Venice. They are, in general, 

 well acquainted with the manners and languages of 

 Christendom ; and the town altogether affords a very 

 safe and agreeable residence to travellers. The inhabi- 

 tants are subject to tertian fevers during the spring 

 and autumn seasons, which has been ascribed to the 

 vicinity of the lake ; and the islands in the lake are said 

 to be visited with earthquakes, especially in the month 

 of 'October. 



The annual revenue, drawn from the city by the pa- 

 sha, is said to be 250,000 piastres. A fair is held once 

 a-year about a mile and a half from the city, and con-. 



