210 



JOINER' Y. 



Joinery, into the edge of the shutter, upon the supposition that 

 the inside lining would be too thin for the screws 

 which are employed in fastening them, in order to have 

 ' sufficient hold. 



Kig. 9. Fig. 9. Shews the method of hanging a door with 



centres which are entirely concealed. Suppose a d 

 that part of the side of the jamb which comes in con- 

 tact with the edge of the door ; bisect a d in b, and 

 draw A c perpendicular to ad; make b c equal to b a 

 or b d, and join a c and c d ; from c describe an arc 

 aed, which shows, the part to be hollowed out of the 

 jamb. The centres are fixed to the top or bottom of 

 the door. The upper centre must be so constructed as 

 to admit of being taken out of the socket, so that the 

 door may be unhung, as may be required. 



Fig. 10. Fig. 10. Shews the method '6f hanging shutters in the 



usual way, where the centres of the knuckle of the hinge 

 is placed exactly opposite to the perpendicular part of 

 the rebate. The dotted lines shew the flap exactly as 

 folded back. 



Fig. 11. Fig. 11. Shews how the hinge is to be placed when 



the axis of the knuckle cannot be placed opposite to the 

 joint. Thus, let a b be the distance of the edge of the 

 flap from the edge of the shutter ; bisect a b in c ; then 

 c is the point opposite to which the centre of the hinge 

 must be placed. This situation for the knuckle of the 

 hinge becomes necessary, when the shutters are not 

 square at the ends, or when the boxing-room is not 

 sufficiently ample. The principle is to place the centre 

 of the knuckle of the hinge at half the distance of the 

 edge of the flap from the rebate on the edge of the 

 shutter. 



Fig. 12. Fig. 12. Shews the two parts as hinged together. 



Fig. 13. F'S- ^- When a door has a cornice, or other pro- 



jecting moulding, and when it is required. to bring the 

 doors in a situation, when open, parallel to its place 

 when shut, the knuckle of the hinge must be made to 

 project as far, -or something more, than the cornice or 

 caping moulding. This principle will be sufficiently 

 evident by inspecting the figure. The dotted lines shew 

 the situation of the door when folded back. 



Fig. 14. ^'g- '* Shews the form of a rule-joint, either for 



shutters or furniture that require to open no farther 

 than a right-angle, and that are to be exposed at the 

 external angle. Here the centre of the hinge must ob- 

 viously be in the centre of the arc. 



Fig. 15. Fig. 15. Shews the same when turned to a right- 



angle. 



Shutters are always within the apartments, where- 

 ever beauty is aimed at ; those on the outside destroy- 

 ing the appearance of the front. They are divided in- 

 to several vertical slips folding behind each other, for 

 the conveniency of concealing them within the thick- 

 ness of the wall. Each slip or fold is framed and com- 

 posed of several panels, either raised, or flat, surround- 

 ed with small mouldings contained within the thick- 

 ness of the framing. 



The case in which the shutters are enclosed, is call- 

 ed the boxing. The parts of the sash-frame in connec- 

 tion with the shutters, are the inside lining which forms 

 one side of the boxing, and to which the front shutter 

 is hung. The vertical piece of wood which adjoins the 

 edges of the sashes and the inside lining, is called the 

 pulley style. The vertical piece of wood which joins the 

 pulley style on the outside, parallel to the inside lining, 

 is called the outside lining. That side of the boxing 

 which is parallel to the face of the shutter, is called the 

 back of the boxing. The remaining third side of the 

 boxing is either formed by the architrave which sur- 

 xounds the aperture within the room, or, in very good 



houses, by a groined flush on one side with the plaster Joinery. 

 of the wall. The parts of .the sash-frame, which are S """Y"" 1 "'' 

 parallel to the horizon, are the si/l^rul lop, which 

 names bespeak the situation in which they are placed. 

 Inside beads are those slips of wood, rounded on the 

 edges, which form one side of the race or groove for 

 the sashes to run in. Parting beads are those slips of 

 wood wh^ch separate the upper and lower sashes. 



The method of making doors open exactly, so as to 

 cut away the least quantity of wood, or to keep the 

 narrow planes of the edges as nearly perpendicular to the 

 face of the work as possible, depends upon the fol- 

 lowing principle. 



Supposing a correct section to be drawn ;. then if the 

 aperture be shut with a door to open in one breadth, 

 draw a straight line from the centre of the hinge to the 

 opposite angle of the plane ; perpendicular to which, 

 draw another straight line, and this perpendicular will 

 give the splay of the jamb which comes in contact with 

 the edge of the door which is to be fastened or locked 

 therein. If the aperture is closed with two doors, the 

 principle is still the same, as it is only necessary to 

 consider one of them to open at a time, while the edge of 

 the other, which is bolted to the floor and soffit, is con- 

 sidered as a jamb ; then proceeding with the other half, 

 which is thus left to turn on its hinges, as if it were a pi ATE 

 whole, in the same manner that we have now described, cccxxxiv. 



Fig. 16. Shews the section of a door for a straight Fig. 16. 

 wall. 



Fig. 17. Is the section of folding doors. Here it will Fig. IT. 

 be necessary to attend to the principle. 



Fig. 18. Is the section of a door in one breadth in a Fig. 18. 

 circular wall. Here the joints should tend to the axis 

 of the cylinder. 



Fig. 19. Is the section of a door in a cylindrical wall, Fig. 19. 

 in two parts. In this the above method should be at- 

 tended to. 



Fig. 20. Is the section of a double door, to open to Fig. 20. 

 the space on the concave side. Here, in particular, 

 the above method of making the doors open to clear 

 the jambs should be attended to. 



Fig. 21. Is the section of a single door, to open to Fig. 21. 

 the concave side. Here the principle of making it open 

 must also be attended to. 



Raking Mouldings. 



Raking mouldings depend upon the principle of a Raking 

 solid angle consisting of three plane angles, or what mouldings, 

 may be called a trihedral ; and this may be considered 

 either as a hollow or as a solid, according as it may be 

 used externally or internally. The mouldings are sup- 

 posed to be placed in two of the lines of concourse, and 

 to meet each other in a plane passing through the other 

 line of concourse. 



The raking mouldings of a pediment are placed up- 

 on a solid trihedral, the horizontal moulding beirrg dis- 

 posed upon the obtuse angle, and the raking mould- 

 ings upon the top of the tympanum. In this case, the 

 mitre of the mouldings is in the same plane with the 

 line of concourse of the two sides of the building. 



The three planes which terminate in a point in the 

 inside of a rectangular room, may be considered as a 

 hollow trihedral. Now, if these three planes which 

 constitute the trihedral be at right-angles, no difficulty 

 can occur in constructing the mouldings, as each cor- 

 nice may have the same section, and as the direction of 

 both cornices are perpendicular to the line of concourse 

 of the two vertical sides of the room ; but where the 

 one cornice is perpendicular, and the other oblique, the 

 case becomes the same as the preceding. 



