ITALY. 



*363 



^ out any regard whatever to its former policy. Many 

 of the citizens, however, retired to a small town called 

 Monte Alcino, where they established a government si- 

 milar to that of Sienna, and consoled themselves with 

 this shadow of their ancient liberty. The pope, over- 

 joyed by the re- union of England, under Mary, to the 

 Kotniih church, now attempted, by his intrigues, at the 



t Augsburg, if possible to disunite the Protestants 

 in Germany ; but his designs were interrupted by 

 death. Hi- ->icce*>or, the virtuous Marceilus II. died 

 on the 20th day of his pontificate, while meditating 

 jiUn.- for the reformation of the church. The tiara was 

 now conferred on John Peter Carafia, who took the name 

 of Paul IV. 



This pope was of an intolerant and severe disposi- 

 tion, a:-.d filled with extravagant notions of the power 

 and authority of the Roman see. He soon display- 

 ed this, in his insolent treatment of the imperial am- 

 bassador, who informed him of the pacific termina- 

 tion of* the diet of Augsburg, an event so unpleasing to 

 Dotted mind, that he openly inveiglied against 

 Charles and Ferdinand. His nephews, whom the duke 

 of < .-.lined over to the French interest, en- 



couraged thin temper, and at last induced him to con- 

 clude a treaty with Henry. But the emperor, having 

 now abdicated his hereditary dominions in favonr of 

 his son Philip II. consecrated Ui last moments of bis 

 political existence to the negotiation of a peace with 



\v ; and a truce for five years being concluded, 

 th pope was left exposed to the vengeance of Philip. 



. alarmed for his safety, now had recourse to in- 



< ; and having sent his nephew cardinal Caraffa 



urceeded, by the united influence of the I.or- 



iy, the queen, and Diana of Poitiers, Henry's 



: .m to tin! ite thr league, and 



ajrmjii renew the war. Emboldened by his success, the 



. iin at defiance, and proceeded 



to opqrew the Colon n family, and other adherents of 

 - i stria. Philip at fmt wits prevented by 



MIS scruples from openly attacking the pontiff; 



it was with extreme reluctance, that, having in 

 vain attempted pacific meaure. he ordered the duke 

 of Alva to invade the nopal territory. The rapid pro- 

 grew of that general reduced Paul to his old intrigues; 

 fence of negociating for a truce, he con- 

 gain time, till the arrival of the French 

 troop*, and a considerable sum of monry, again ena- 

 bled him to set the duke at defiance. The French ar- 



wss commanded by the duke of Guise, who, after 

 relieving ROOM, marched towards Napier, snd iiiissa 

 voured to force Alva to give him battle. But that ex- 

 perienced leader declined an engagement, and remain- 

 ed entrenchment*, while the allied army 

 was wasted by sickness, and weakened I > the disscn- 



*' me the Spanish army in lh> 



^bmds,commaiidedbyEanul Philibert, dukeof Sa- 

 * voy.romi red the Fr. constable Mont- 



morency at St QuinUn ; and Henry waj forced torccal 

 the le defence of France. The pope 



now haxtened to appease Philip, which the superstitious 

 veneration of th*t prince for the holy See rendered no dif- 

 ficult task ; and the duke of Alva was even obliged to 

 solicit on lit* knees, the forgiveness) of the pontiff for 

 invading the sacred territory. At the same period, 

 .-tirous to ingratiate himoelf with the Italian 

 princes, of whose influence he intended to make use 

 to counterbalance the authority of the pope, conferred 



on Ortavio Farnese the city and territory of Placentia; JJ^*^, 

 and, having acknowledged him as duke of Parma, sue- pj^ h J[ b ~ 

 ceeded in detaching him from the French alliance. In- 5lows p (a . 

 fluenced also by the intrigues of Cosmo di Medici, he cemia on 

 conferred on him the investiture of Sienna, in consi- <>ctavio 

 deration of the sums due to him by his father, i-.nd on ** ? 

 condition of his furnishing a body of auxiliary troops, 

 in case of any attack on Naples nnd Milan. 



This acquisition secured to Cosmo, who had assumed SIld Sienna 

 the title of Grand Duke of Tuscany, the complete do- a j, d e dllke 

 minion of that country. Two years after this, the oj -Tuscany 

 psjaca of Chateau-Cambresis restored peace to Europe. 

 The principal articles regarding Italy, were the resto- 

 ration of Savoy to Emanncl Philibert, who was also 

 united in marriage to Margaret of Valois, sister to Hen- 

 ry II. Elizabeth, daughter of that monarch, became 

 queen of Spain, although her hand had previously been 

 promised to the unfortunate Don Carlos, Philip's eldest 

 ton. Henry's troops evacuated Italy ; Montferrat was 

 restored to the duke of Mantua, and Corsica to the Gc- 

 noese, whose independence was now acknowledged. 

 The conditions of the treaty were observed with punc- 

 tuality and fidelity ; a circumstance to which, in Italy, 

 the death of. Paul IV. contributed in no small degree. 

 This pontiff i-, -aid to have died from the distress occa- Death of 

 sioncd by his nephew, the duke of Paliano, having in >'' iul IV - 

 a fit of jealousy assassinated his wife, and murdered Au S- li89 - 

 her suspected lover. Hi* successor, Pius IV. in- 

 stigated probably by the court of Spain, a few 

 months after his accession, ordered this affair to be 

 investigated ; and the result of the inquiry was, the ex- 

 ecution of the duke of Paliano, his brother cardinal 

 Charles Caraffa, and other two noblemen, their accom- 

 phcer 



The return of the duke of Savoy to his hereditary The duke 

 Met, was an event no less agreeable to his sub- f Svoy 

 jecu, than fortunate to the other states of Italy. This """ hlm ' 



M If 10 



prince, though from his infancy accusti-med to war, 

 had lean. Mte the value of peace ; and, aware 



of the misfortunes which his country had Miflcrcd from 

 being the theatre of war, exerted himself, in concert 

 with the Venetian!!, in defending the frontiers of Italy, 

 and preventing it from again being exposed to the de- 

 vastation of foreign armies. The gem-rid state of Eu- 

 rope forwarded his designs. The death of Henry II. 

 of France, and the religious animosities hich distract- 

 ed that kingdom under his successors, incapacitated it 

 from interfering in foreign politics. The king of Spain, 

 content with the ascendancy he enjoyed by the posses- 

 sion of Naples and Milan, and occupied by his endea- 

 vours to siippres-s the rising spirit of freedom, which, 

 though extinct in Italy, was now kindling in the cities 

 of Belgium, was unwilling to excite the jealousy of the 

 inferior Italian potentates. The emperor Ferdinand, 

 having acquired by marriage the kingdoms of Hunga- 

 ry and Bohemia, was employed in conl'ii ming his au- 

 thority, and in increasing, among the German prii 

 the influence of the hou^e of Austria. The conduct of 

 Pim IV. and his successors Pius V. and Gregory XIII. 

 alo contributed, in no small degree, t<i the tranquilli- 

 ty of Italy. These pontiffs, instructed by the example 

 of their predecessors, in the pernicious effects resulting 

 from their attempts to ag^rai.disc their families, devot- 

 ed their attention to the affairs of the church, and res- 

 cued it from the scandal occasioned by former popes and 

 their nephews, of which even the warmest of its de- i niutrec 

 fenders could not but be sensible. ,j on M (; P . 



The contest at Genoa between the old and new no. no*. 



