ITALY. 



"365 



Wu be- 

 twccm tbc 



Uw ilukd 

 f Tarn*, 

 i*' 



nd Tux*. 



Death of 

 CrbanVIM. 

 A. D. 16*4. 

 of Hu. he- 

 lieu, and 

 LouuXIII. 



ttSa ind 

 PiombfBO 

 Ukrn by 

 IW French, 

 A. O. UM. 



eroli it 



Paicr.l..', 



yean, much the same. At this period, the male line 

 of the Kovere, dukes of Urbino, became extinct. The 

 duchy was claimed by Ferdinand, grand duke of Tus- 

 cany, who married, Victoria, grand-daughter of the late 

 duke ; but Urban VIII. had already seized it as a va- 

 cant fief of the papal see; and Ferdinand, unwilling to 

 contend with the pope, was satisfied with the inheri- 

 tance of the private property of the Kovere. The Bar- 

 beritii, nephews of Urban, finding him firm in his re- 

 fusal to grant them the investiture of Urbino, turned 

 their ambition to the acquisition of the duchy of Cas- 

 tro, near Koine, the property of the duke of Parma, 

 which they persuaded the pope to invade. That prince 

 having allied himself with Ferdinand II. grand duke 

 of Tuscany, and Francis I. of Este, duke of Modena, 

 marched at the head of 5000 men to the attack of the 

 papal army near Bologna, commanded by Taddeo Bar- 

 berini, though consisting of 20,000. This daring en- 

 terprise was successful : Barberini was forced to take 

 refuge in Ferrara, and Farnese entered into and laid 

 waste Romagna. The armies of Modena and Tuscany 

 were equally successful, and the pope at length conclu- 

 ded a treaty with the dukes. This event was soon fol- 

 lowed by the death of Urban VIII. 



In France, by the death of Cardinal Richelieu and 

 Louit XIII. the government was left in the hands of 

 Cardinal Mazarine, who acted as prime minister to 

 Queen Anne of Austria, regent during the minority of 

 her son, LouU XIV. Mazarine, who entered warmly 

 into the affair* of Italy, displeased by the election of 

 Innocent X. who was his personal enemy, used all hi 

 interest to gain over the Italian prince*. Thomas of 

 Savoy, now in the French service, was successful in 

 gaining over the duke of Parma; and that prince, re- 

 pairing to Paris, concerted with the cardinal the plan of 

 the war. Hostilities were cutiimrno .1 liy the French 

 army under the comm.r.Mi of the Duke de Brexe and 

 Thomas of Savoy, which landed near Orbitello, and 

 commenced the tiege. But the fleet was in the mean 

 time defeated by the viceroy of Naples, the duke de 1 

 killed, and the troop* forced to reimbark and return to 

 F ranee. The second expedition was more fortunate, 

 and the isle of Elba and the principality of Piombino 

 surrendered to the French arm*. 



In the mean time, the kingdoms of Naples and 

 cily were groaning under the oppression of the Spa- 

 niards the chief object of each successive viceroy was 

 to rival hi* predecessor in the raiaing of levies ami tix- 

 e. The resource* and the patienci apolitaiu 



were at length exhausted ; the ministers of Philip IV. 

 had, by their misconduct, occasioned the revolt of Ca- 

 talonia and Portugal; and these misfortune*, of too 

 great magnitude to be long concealed from the people 

 even in the most remote territories of Spain, awakened 

 .nt ot"inurrect:on. The lirn ex- 

 ploiion was at Palermo, where the crown of Sicily was 

 offer e< I to Francis of Vintimilla, Marquess of Gierace; 

 but that nobleman, with great prudence, resisted this 

 dangerous promotion, and succeeded in calming, for a 

 time, the indignation of hjs country m, n. Hut the mis- 

 judged severity of the viceroy again excited the - 

 liana ; and the Spanish troops were forced to withdraw 

 from Palermo. The severity ot the duke of Arcoi at 

 .' city a rebellion, no less formida- 

 ble. ' lomu Anicllo, (commonly called 

 Maseniello, ) a fitherman, the lower classes made them- 

 selves masters of the palace and the viceroy, committed 



numberless excesses, and sacrificed to their vengeance 

 the most obnoxious instruments of the tyranny to 

 which they were subjected. Their leader assumed the 

 title of lieutenant-general of the king of Spain, and 

 for ten days exercised the most unlimited authori- 

 ty ; but at length, becoming intoxicated by a success 

 to unexpected, he grew suspicious and cruel, and 

 his whole conduct exhibited evident marks of insani- 

 ty. He was assassinated on the llth day of his short 

 and extraordinary reign ; but the Neapolitans still con- 

 tinued in arms, and assuming a republican govern- 

 ment, chose as their commander Francis Toraldo, prince 

 of Mass*. 



The insurrection at Palermo had, in the mean time, 

 been quelled by Cardinal Trivalzio, whose influence as 

 a churchman and an Italian, at length restored tran- 

 quillity. The Neapolitans, however, determined to 

 throw off the yoke of Spain, now began to deliberate to 

 whom they should make offer of the crown ; and ac- 

 tually entreated the pope, as their suzerein, to confer it 

 on some prince of French extraction. 



At this period, Henry, duke of Guise, happened to 

 be at Koine. This nobleman, whose character resem- 

 bled that of the ancient heroes of chivalric romance, 

 was immediately excited by the ambition of making 

 himself master of Naples; and without waiting for any 

 aid, proceeded immediately to that city, and offered his 

 services to the republic. He was received with enthu- 

 siasm by the people, and immediately appointed their 

 general, with the title of duke, or doge. The civil fid- 

 ministration still remained in the hands of Gennaro 

 Annese, one of the original insurgents ; but the duke, 

 after the conquest of Capua and A versa, openly as- 

 mining an authority and state which showed his inten- 

 tion of aiming at the crown, Annese contrived to excite 

 the jealousy of the people against him, and, in concur- 

 rence with the archbi*hop, carried on a secret negotia- 

 tion with Don Juan of Austria, and the Spanish troops 

 in the citadel. At length having, by a false report of 

 an attack > . contrived to it-move the duke and 



his troops from the rity, the Spaniards, issuing from 

 the fortress, were received without resistance; and 

 Guise, after some unavailing attempts to force his way 

 back, retreated towards Rome, but on his march was 

 seized by treachery, and sent to Spain, where In. re- 

 mained a prisoner tor five years. The Spaniards, again 

 masters of Naples, punished the revolt with the great- 

 e-t cruelty ; ami >-\en Gennaro Annese, whose treach- 

 ery had restored the Spaniards, perished on the scaf- 

 fold. 



The wars of the Fronde, which now raged in France, 

 completely withdrew the attention of Mazarine from 

 Italy ; and in the course of a few years, the Spaniards 

 recovered Elba, Piombino, and Casal : but no sooner 

 was the cardinal reinstated in his power, than he again 

 attempted to invade Naples, allowing the expedition to 

 .r, however, as if solely the work of the duke of 

 Guise, now delivered from prison. The capture of 

 Castelmare was all that the duke could effect; and, 

 Mting with no encouragement from the Neapolitans, 

 he was obliged to return to France. Nothing farther 

 of any importance was attempted in Italy during this 

 war ; which was put an end to by the peace of the 

 Pyrennees. 



From this period, there follows about twenty years 

 of profiiim! rrpo-e in Italy, which can scarcely be said 

 to be interrupted by the contest of the Venetians with 

 4 



History. 



The duke 

 of Guise 

 made duke 

 of Naples. 



The p- 

 niardi reco- 

 ver Naples, 

 A. D. \hl- 



Dnke ot 



(JUIRC in- 

 vades Na- 

 plcj with- 

 out SIICCCS". 



A.D. 1644. 



Peace of the 

 Prrenncen, 

 A. D.I 659. 



