368* 



ITALY. 



HUtory. had also been expelled) were reinstated in their domi- 

 V """"Y"^ B ' nions. Charles remained king of Naples and Sicily ; 

 but it was secured, that these crowns should not be 

 united with that of Spain ; Don Philip was left duke of 

 Parma and Placentia ; while Milan was restored to Aus- 

 tria, and the archduke Leopold, second son of the em- 

 press, became grand duke of Tuscany. 



Between this period and the French Revolution, an 

 era of profound peace intervenes, diversified by few 

 events of general interest, if we except the gradual ex- 

 pulsion of the order of Jesuits from the different states, 

 Abolition of and their final abolition by the papal bull of Cle- 

 the Jesuits, nient XI V. See JESUITS. 



A. D. 1773. Under the government of the well-meaning, though 

 injudicious emperor Joseph II. and his benevolent and 

 liberal brother Leopold of Tuscany, abuses were reform- 

 ed, the situation of the people ameliorated, agriculture 

 improved ; and the progress of science, and the arts, at 

 Milan and Florence, attests their encouragement of phi- 

 losophy and literature. Nor were these improve- 

 ments confined to the Austrian dominions : at Rome, 

 science equally flourished under the philosophic Cle- 

 ment XIV. and agriculture and the arts under the po- 

 lished Pius VII. Turin, amid ail the bigotry of the 

 Sardinian court, produced the brilliant talents of Al- 

 fieri, and even Naples could boast of a Filangieri, and 

 Caraccioli. 



Earthquake The dreadful earthquake, which in 1791 laid waste 

 A ?j ' m?' tlle countr y' and destroyed the cities in Sicily and Ca- 

 * labria, would in a less enlightened age have been con- 

 sidered as the omen and precursor of the tremendous 

 convulsion which was about to agitate the political 

 world. 



The eyes of Europe were now turned on France, and 

 it was not to be supposed, that the Italian potentates 

 connected by blood with the unfortunate Louis XVI. 

 and Maria Antoinette, could be indifferent spectators of 

 their death, or regard without alarm the military spirit 

 and conquests of the republic. In consequence, the 

 king of Sardinia and the other Italian states joined in 

 the league with the Austrians, Prussians, and British, 

 and declared war. 



The campaign of 179*, in Piedmont, was uniformly 

 successful on the part of the French, and the defeat of 

 the Sardinians near Milan, made them masters of that 

 city. Corsica, however, surrendered to the British, 

 and acknowledged George III. as its sovereign. The 

 following year the Austrian and Sardinian troops were 

 successful in some battles, and checked for a short pe- 

 riod the progress of the republicans. But the events of 

 1796 decided the fate of Italy. The history of the ce- 

 lebrated campaign of Bonaparte, and the rest of the 

 war in Italy, has already been related in the article 

 FRANCE, and we must only slightly enumerate its re- 

 sults. The defeat of the king of Sardinia was followed by 

 a peace, by which he surrendered Savoy and Nice. The 

 battle of Lodi forced the pope and the dukes of Parma 

 and Modena, and the king of Naples, to accede to the 

 ignominious terms dictated by the victor ; Florence and 

 Milan fell before his arms, and Mantua alone remained 

 in the hand of the Austrians. 



The next years were no less disastrous : the revolu- 

 n a , 1 y enice ended in the abolition of that state; the 

 signal defeat of the Austrians occasioned the surrender 

 of Mantua and Verona, and the emperor was at length 

 compelled, by the treaty of Campo Formio, to acknow- 

 ledge the Cisalpine republic, consisting of Milan, Man, 



War with 



Treaty of 

 Campo 

 Formio. 

 A. D. 1"97 

 and 1708. 



tua, Modena, and Bologna. Pius VI. was expelled from History. 

 Rome, and died in exile ; king Ferdinand was' forced to 1 ~"""Y"^ >< ' 

 abandon Naples, and take refuge in Sicily ; and the 

 king of Sardinia was deprived of alfMiis dominions but 

 that island. During Bonaparte's absence in Egypt, 

 the attack of Tuscany excited a new coalition, and un- 

 der Suwarrow and the Archduke Charles, the French 

 were again driven from Italy. But the return of Na- 

 poleon soon gave energy to the French, and the deci- 

 sive victories of Novi and Marengo again established 

 his dominion in Italy. In 1805, he assumed the title Bonaparte 

 of king of Italy or Lombardy ; and under the mild ad- assumes the 

 ministration of prince Eugene Beauharnois, his viceroy, title "' kin s 

 that country began to recover from the misfortunes of . n^ianc 



t, P , . , A. D. 1805. 



the war. Louis duke of Parma was made nominal 

 king of Etruria, and Joseph Bonaparte of Naples. 

 The latter, on being appointed king of Spain, was suc- 

 ceeded by Joachim Murat, (brother-in-law to Napo- 

 leon,) whose distinguished bravery had often contri- 

 buted to the victories of the French. After the battle 

 of Leipsic, the subsequent defeats of Napoleon in 

 France, and the surrender of Paris, the kingdom of 

 Italy was occupied by the Austrians, with whom Joa- 

 chim made a treaty. But on the return of Napoleon 

 from Elba, he again joined his ancient leader ; the 

 Austrians invaded Naples, and Joachim, abandoned 

 by his troops, left that kingdom to be again occu- 

 pied by the Bourbons. In 1815, he landed again in Death of 

 Calabria, with a few troops, but was seized, and be- king Joa- 

 ing tried by a military commission, condemned to be ^"S", 8 | 

 shot. 



Before closing this article, it is proper to state, in a few Present po- 

 words, the present political divisions of Italy. Victor litical state 

 Emanuel king of Sardinia, is now reinstated in Savoy of Italy, 

 and Piedmont, with the important addition of the city A - D - 1818> 

 and territory of Genoa. The duchies of Milan, Mantua, 

 and Modena, with the cities of Verona, Vicenza, and 

 Padua, Venice, and its former territories in Istria, and 

 Dalmatia, are now comprised in the kingdom of Venice 

 and Lombardy, and belong to Francis 1 1. Emperor of 

 Austria. It is, however, rumoured, we know not with 

 what truth, that this kingdom is to be conferred on 

 one of the princes descended from the Austrian family. 

 The duchy of Parma and Placentia is governed by the 

 archduchess Maria Louisa, formerly empress of the 

 French, and the succession is settled on her son Napo- 

 leon Charles Francis. The territories of Florence, 

 Lucca, Sienna, and Pisa, form the kingdom of Etruria, 

 under Charles son of the late king. The aged Pius VII. 

 has been reinstated in the ancient papal dominions, 

 the temporal administration of which is chiefly com- 

 mitted to Cardinal Gonsalvez. The kingdoms of 

 Naples and Sicily are again united under the feeble 

 sway of Ferdinand IV. brother of Charles IV. and 

 uncle of Ferdinand VII. of Spain. ' The island of Cor- 

 sica remains annexed to France. From this sketch it 

 appears, that the Austrian power is predominant ; and 

 connected as he is by marriage, with the kings of Sar- 

 dinia and Naples, the emperor Francis may be re- 

 garded as master of the destinies of Italy. See Mi- 

 cale, L' Italia avanti il dominio del Romani ; Deni- 

 na, Rivoluzioni dell' Italia; Sismondi Histnire des 

 Republiques Italiennes du Moyen age ; Robertson's 

 Charles V.; Wraxall's Memoirs of the House of Va* 

 Ids; Cuningham's History of Britain, &c. &c. 



(E.J.) 



