3G2 



ITALY. 



S'lt. :... 



_ " Modern di- 

 vision. 



Emilia, the work of Emilius Lepidus, leading from 

 Arminium, through Forum Ponilii, Faventia, and Cla- 

 terva to Bononin, and thence through Mutina, Aleste, 

 Fetavium Altinum, and Concordia, to Aquileia ; Via 

 Aureli.i, ascribed to Aurelius Cotta, extending along 

 the coast of Etruria to Pisse, thence round the Gulph 

 f Genoa to Nicaea into Gaul ; Via Clodia, passing 

 through the middle of Etruria to Lucca ; and Via Cassia, 

 through the interior of Etruria to- Clusiura and Flo- 

 rentia. 



Ancient Italy was divided by Augustus into eleven 

 provinces; but, alter his death, this division was no 

 longer regarded, except that the name of Gallia Cisal- 

 pina was generally discontinued, and that of Italy ex- 

 tended nearly to its present limits. 



The progressive geography- of Italy, since the fall of 

 the Roman empire, cannot be accurately described. 

 without a recapitulation of its jjventful history; and 

 to the preceding view of its political epochs and revo- 

 lutions we must therefore refer for much of its civil 

 geography. The following sketch of its principal di- 

 visions, previous to the French Revolution, is all that 

 can at present be admitted on this part of the subject. 



Upper or Northern Italy, called also Lombardy, con- 

 tained seven dutchies, namely, Savoy, Piedmpnt, Mont- 

 serrat, Milan, Mantua, Modena, Parma, and Placentia; 

 of which the three first, 'and part of the fourth, belonged 

 to the King of Sardinia, and the other to the Emperor of 

 Austria. These territories of Austria, together with part 

 of the Venetian dominions and the Ecclesiastical states, 

 were formed by the French in 1797, into a new republic, 

 called the Cisalpine, or Italian republic; and were di- 

 vided into twelve departments, which were again sub- 

 divided into forty-five districts ; namely, Agogna, con- 

 taining the districts of Novarra, Vigevano, Domo D'Os- 

 sola, Varallo, and Arona ; Del Lario, containing Como, 

 Variso, Londrio, and Lecco : Olona, containing Milan, 

 Pavia, and Monza; Serio, containing Bergamo, Tre- 

 viglio, Clusone, and Breno ; Mella, containing Brescia, 

 Chiari, Verola, Alghisi, and Salo ; Alto-Po, containing 

 Cremona, Crema, Lodi, and Casal; Mincio, containing 

 Mantua, Revero, Verona, and Castiglione delle Stiviere; 

 Crostolo, containing Reggio, and Carrara ; Panaro, con- 

 taining Modena, and Castelnovo di Garfagnana ; Basso- 

 Po, containing Ferrara, Commachio and Rovigo ; Reno, 

 containing Bologna, Imola Cento, andVergato; and Ru- 

 bicon, containing Cesena, Sorli, Faenza, Ravenna, and 

 Rimini. Besides these, Northern Italy comprehended 

 the republics of Genoa and Lucca. 



Central Italy comprehends the Ecclesiastical State, 

 consisting of Campagna di Roma, Sabina, II Patrimonio 

 di S. Pietro, Ducato de Castro, Contado di Ronciglione, 

 Perugia, Contado de Citta di Castello, Umbria, or Duca- 

 to di Spoleto, La Marca d'Ancona, Ducato D'Urbino, 

 Romagna, Territorio di Bologna ; the small- republic of 

 S. Marino, under the protection of the Pontiff; the Ve- 

 netian dominions in Italy, namely, Dogado de Venezia, 

 II Paduana, il Polesine "de Rovigo, il Veronese, il Vi- 

 centino, il Bressano, il Bergamasco, il Cremasco, la 

 .Marca Trevigiana, Patria del Friuli ; Istria, Dalmatia; 

 Ragusa, an independent state, generally under the pro- 

 tection of the Turks ; and the Grand Duchy of Tus- 

 cany, containing il dominio Fiorentino, il territorio Pi- 

 sano, and il territorio di Sienna : This last portion of 

 Central Italy, together with Parma, Placentia, and 



Guastalla, was formed under the French into the king- Statistics. 

 dom of Etruria. . s ""V* 



Southern, or Lower Italy, compr^ing the ancient 

 S:imnium, Apulia, Campania, Lucania, and Bruttium, 

 forms the kingdom of Naples, which is divided into 

 twelve provinces, called Giustizierati, or Jurisdictions, 

 namely, Terra di Lavoro, Principato Ultra, Principato 

 Citra, Calabria Citra, Calabria Ultra, Basilicata, Terra 

 d'Otranto, Terra di Ban", Capitanata, Contado di Mo- 

 Use, Abruzzo Citra, and Abruzzo Ultra. 



These different divisions have been again replaced 

 nearly in their former political state. The King of Sar- 

 dniia has recovered his dominions such as they were in 

 1792. The Emperor of Austria has acquired the Ve- 

 netian States, and all the territory between the Tessin, 

 the Po, and the Adriatic, the vallies ofValteline, Bormio, 

 and Chiavcnna. The Archduke Francis D'Este is made 

 Grand Duke of Modena. The Archduchess Maria 

 Beatrice d'Este becomes the hereditary sovereign of 

 the duchy of Massa, and principality of Carrara, with 

 the imperial fiefs of Lunigiana. The Archduchess 

 Maria Louisa (late Empress of France) is sovereign of 

 the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla. The 

 reversion of these states remains to be regulated by 

 the allied courts ; and is said to have been recently 

 arranged in the following manner. After the death of 

 her Imperial Highness, these duchies will be restored 

 to the Infanta Maria Louisa f widow of the Duke of 

 Parma and King of Etruria) and to her male descend- 

 ants in a direct line, with the exception of the districts 

 situated on the left bank of the Po, and inclosed in the 

 estates of the Emperor of Austria. In default of male 

 issue, the rights of succession of the Emperor of Aus- 

 tria and of the King of Sardinia will be revived. The 

 Infanta Maria Louisa, in the mean time, obtains provi. 

 sional possession of the principality of Lucca, with cer- 

 tain arrears assigned to her by congress. The Arch- 

 duke Ferdinand of Austria regains the Grand Duchy of 

 Tuscany and also the principality of Piombino, with that 

 part of Elba which formerly belonged to the king of 

 the two Sicilies. The Pope receives again the Marshes 

 and their dependencies, the territories of Benevento, 

 Ponto Corvo, Ravenna, Bologna, Ferrara, Commachio, 

 &c. Ferdinand IV. King of the two Sicilies, is restor- 

 ed to the throne of Naples, without any change of ter-. 

 ritory or authority 



Aspect of the Country. 



Italy may be regarded as a mountainous country.* Mountains. 

 The Alps, the highest range of mountains in the an- 

 cient world, form its northern boundary, separating it 

 from France, Switzerland, and Germany; and the 

 Appenines, rising near Genoa, extend through the 

 whole length of the peninsula in a southerly direction, 

 dividing it into two parts nearly equal, and branehing 

 out into various ridges in their progress, so as to form 

 a number of districts and vallies differing from each 

 other in climate and productions. (See ALPS and 

 APPENINES.) 



Italy is intersected by rivers in almost every direc- Rivers. 

 tion. The most considerable are the Po, which rises 

 from Mount Vesula, about SO miles south-west from 

 Turin, (at which city it is 1200 feet broad,) flows 

 through a course of 300 miles, waters 50 cities in its 



'* Of the fine country even of Tuscany, one half is mountainous, and produces nothing but timber ; a sixth part consists of lulls 

 covered with the oliviS and vine; and the remaining third only is plain. 



