JUG 



388 



JUG 



r- 



liable to the assessment are arranged in four classes ; 

 ami rill, who are entitled to visit the interior of the 

 temple, are at liberty to enrol themselves in tlie class 

 which tlu^y prefer, upon paying the prescribed rate of 

 tax. The first, called the I.aul Juttries, upon paying 

 ten rupees if they come from the north, and six if from 

 the south, have free access to the temple for thirty days. 

 The second, called the Neem Lauls, upon paying five 

 rupees if from the north, and three if from the south, 

 have access for ten days. The third, called the Bhur- 

 ruiiS upon paying two rupees, whether from the north 

 or south, have access during four days. The fourth, 

 the Punj Tirthees, comprehending the low castes, are 

 not allowed to enter the temple ; but, upon paying two 

 rupees, are permitted to perform the customary cere- 

 monies on the outside for sixteen days. In order to pre- 

 vent persons from eluding-payment by a clandestine or 

 forcible entrance, a strong barrier* is constructed of 

 prickly bamboos ; and a guard df soldiers is placed at 

 the gates to exclude every passenger, except those who 

 duly pay the tax. At times, however, when a large 

 body happens to collect, they attempt to force their 

 way ; and a crowd merely of women, children, and old 

 men, trusting to the physical weight of their mass, have 

 been known to make a charge on the armed guard, 

 who are seldom willing on such occasions to oppose 

 their bayonets. Both for the accommodation of these 

 numerous travellers, and also in a military point of 

 view, a road from Calcutta in the direction of Jugger- 

 nauth had long been an object highly desirable. In 

 1810, Rajah Sookmoy Roy, an opulent Hindoo inhabi- 

 tant of Calcutta, offered to contribute one and a half 

 lack of rupees (16,000) towards the accomplishment 

 of this object, on condition that the road, when com- 

 pleted, should bear his name ; and though he himself 

 died soon after the payment of the money into the trea- 

 sury, the undertaking has been prosecuted in conjunc- 

 tion with his heirs. Juggernauth is 31 1 miles distant 

 from Calcutta, 500 from Nagpoor, 512 from Benares, 

 719 from Madras, 910 from Delhi, and 1052 from Bom- 

 bay. See Campbell's Journey over land to India ; Bu- 

 chanan's Christian Researches ; Rennel's Memoirs of a 

 Map of flindoslan ; Christian Observer, vol. xii. ; Bap- 

 list Missionary Periodical Accounts, No. xxiii. ; and 

 Hamilton's East India Gazetteer, (q) 



JUGU11THA, a celebrated Numidian Prince, was 

 the grandson of Masinissa, the faithful African ally of 

 the Roman people, and appears to have been born about 

 152 years before the Christian aera, and COO after the 

 building of Rome. He was the illegitimate son of Ma- 

 nastabal, the youngest son of Masinissa ; and, after his 

 father's death, was educated in the family of his uncle 

 Micipsa, king of Numidia. He was handsome in his 

 person, endowed with great bodily strength, and supe- 

 rior to all his companions in every athletic and military 

 exercise. He was possessed also of great natural ta- 

 lents, and by his gallant, yet modest, demeanour, ren- 

 dered himself greatly beloved in his younger years. 

 He was highly honoured at first by his uncle Micipsa, 

 as promising to prove an ornament to his kingdom ; 

 but became at length an object of his dislike, as too 

 dangerous a rival to his own sons in the affections of 

 the Numidian people. In this apprehension, the king 

 was desirous to put him privately to death, had he not 

 been afraid that such an act might excite a sedition 

 among his subjects ; and therefore contented himself 

 with sending his nephew to command the Numidian 

 auxiliaries in the lioman army, in the hope of his fal- 

 ling by the chance of war, and his own adventurous 



spirit. But this measure, devised for the destruction Jugmtha, 

 ot'.Iu<;uvtha, contributed to advance his reputation and "*" ""Y"^* 1 

 influence. By his ability fn council, his'courage in 

 buttle, his strict obedience to order, afhl his success in 

 every enterprize, he acquired the esteem of the Roman 

 army, and returned to Micipsa with a high recommend- 

 ation from the general under whom he had served, the 

 younger Scipio Africanus. Micipsa, thus finding his 

 former scheme less practicable than before, applied 

 himself rather to gain the affections of his nephew, and 

 to secure him as the friend and protector of his child- 

 ren. In this view he adopted him into his family, and 

 left him, by his will, joint heir in the kingdom with his 

 two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal. The lajtter of these, 

 eonn after the old king's death, expressed so openly his 

 contempt of Jugurtha, and his displeasure on account 

 of his being associated in the kingdom, that the most 

 bitter enmity was excited between them, which speed- 

 ily led to the death of Hiempsal, who, according to 

 Sallust, was secretly assassinated by order of Jugurtha; 

 but, according to the epitome of Livy, was vanquished 

 and slain in battle. A civil war between Jugurtha and 

 Adherbal was the consequence of this event ; but the 

 latter was soon obliged to yield in the struggle, and 

 fled for protection and justice to Rome. Jugurtha, well 

 acquainted with the venal character of the Roman sena- 

 tors, easily succeeded, by ample presents of money, in > 

 procuring a division of Numidia between himself and 

 Adherbal, and in securing farther the best of its provinces 

 for his share. Confident, from this success, that he should 

 find ways and means to avert any serious interposition 

 from Rome, lie resolved to render himself sole master of 

 the kingdom ; and, having put himself at the head of his 

 army,compelled Adherbal, in a few days, to shut himself 

 up in the town of Certa. By his former arts, he contri- 

 ved to prevent any actual interference from Rome till he 

 got the unfortunate Adherbal into his hands, whom he 

 instantly put to death by means of torture. A Roman 

 army was forthwith dispatched to Africa, with orders 

 to bring the perfidious Numidian, to answer for his con- 

 duct before the majesty of the Roman people ; but Jii 

 gurtha experienced little difficulty in rendering both 

 the commissioners of the senate, and the commanders 

 of the troops, favourable to his cause. Repairing after. 

 wards to Rome, upon the assurance of safety to his per- 

 son, and in obedience to a requisition from the senate, 

 lie found occasion for all his intrigues to prevent the 

 kingdom of Numidia from being transferred to Massi- 

 va, another nephew of Micipsa ; and, when all other 

 means were likely to fail, he took care to have his r rival 

 removed by assassination. Permitted to leave Italy, in 

 consequence of the safe conduct which had been pro- 

 mised, he was followed into Africa by the Consul Al- 

 bums, whose brother, Aulus, having been intrusted 

 with the command of the army, he artfully circumvented 

 in such a manner as to force him to conclude arc igno- 

 minious treaty of peace, and to pass his soldiers under 

 the yoke. The celebrated Roman commanders, Metel- 

 lus and Maritis, were successively employed against 

 him ; but, for the space of three years, he baffled all 

 their exertions, after reducing their armies to the great- 

 est extremities, and returning more formidable after 

 very defeat, proving himself their equal in military va- 

 lour and skill, while they were not much his inferiors in 

 duplicity and barbarity. When his Numidian adhe- 

 rents had either perished in his service, or deserted 

 his interests, he still made head against the Roman le- 

 gions, by assembling under his command the savage 

 tribes of Gsetulia, with a few auxiliaries from Maurita- 



