J U L 



390 



J U L 



the ballast discharged by the vessels coming hither to 

 load with salt. Historians ascribe the foundation of 

 the town to the Phoenicians, between six and seven cen- 

 turies before Christ, and it is supposed to have been 

 formerly more extensive. The fortress was erected by 

 Charles V. of Spain, and repaired by Ferdinand VI. 

 Nothing of particular consequence is exhibited by the 

 rest of the districts: that of Salines derives its name 

 from the salt which is collected from it. There is a re- 

 gular body of militia here, each district affording a quo- 

 ta, which altogether amounts to 1650 men. The island 

 contains 2570 houses, and its total population is about 

 10,850 souls. 



The history of Ivica does not afford matter of pecu- 

 liar interest. It was anciently called Ebusoe, and from 

 hence the Carthaginians, long before the Christian aera, 

 attempted the conquest of- other islands in the Mediter- 

 ranean. It was reduced by the Spaniards in 1234 ; and 

 at a much later period, namely 1706, it surrendered to 

 the British fleet, commanded by Sir John Leake. Ivi- 

 ca has generally followed the fortunes of Majorca and 

 Minorca, which have sometimes been captured by the 

 naval force predominant in the Mediterranean. The 

 position of the castle" is in East Long. 129' 12". North 

 Lat. 38 53' 16". (c) 



JULIAN, the Roman Emperor, usually called the 

 Apostate, was the younger son of Constantius, the bro- 

 ther of Constantine the Great, and was born at Con- 

 stantinople on the 6th of November, A.D 331. After 

 the death of Constantine, in 337, Julian and his brother 

 Callus were with difficulty saved (by the care of Mark, 

 bishop of Arethusa, ) from the massacre of their family ; 

 and were afterwards spared through the policy or pity 

 of their uncle Constantius, who had succeeded to the 

 empire. As soon as the growing years of these un- 

 happy youths excited the jealousy of the emperor, they 

 were secured in the strong castle of Macellum, near 

 Caesarea, where they were carefully educated under the 

 best masters, and attended with all the honours of 

 young princes. Their religious education was directed 

 by Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, who was related to 

 his pupils on the side of their mother ; and, till Julian 

 reached the twentieth year of his age, he prosecuted 

 the studies rather of an ecclesiastic than of an emperor. 

 He was actually admitted to the inferior offices of the 

 priesthood, and publicly read the Holy Scriptures in 

 the church of Nicomedia. But he seems to have early 

 associated in his mind the Christian principles in which 

 he was instructed with the state of subjection in which 

 he was held ; and manifested, on various occasions, a 

 strong predilection for the religion, as well as the lite- 

 rature, of the Greeks. After the exaltation of his bro- 

 ther, Gallus, to the dignity of Caesar, he was left more 

 at liberty to gratify his own inclinations ; and the 

 crowd of sophists, who were attracted by his taste and 

 liberality, soon succeeded in completing his conversion 

 to the tenets of polytheism. In the twentieth year of 

 his age, he was secretly initiated in all the mysteries of 

 paganism ; and, with all the enthusiasm of a new pro- 

 selyte, already anticipated the revival of the ancient 

 religion of the empire. Suspected by the emperor of 

 having participated in the disaffection of his brother 

 Gallus, he was in great danger of sharing the same 

 fate ; and having been conveyed as a prisoner to Milan, 

 he was kept for the space of seven months in daily ap- 

 prehension of an ignominious death ; but, by the earnest 

 intercession of the Empress Eusebia, he was restored to 

 liberty, and permitted to pursue his studies at Athens. 

 Soon afterwards, by the same friendly influence, he 



was invested with the title of Caesar, espoused to He- 

 lena, the sister of Constantius, and appointed to the 

 government of the countries beyond Jhe Alps, in the 

 25th year of his age. In this command, though hither- 

 to a stranger to arms, he displayed all the qualities of 

 an experienced soldier ; and, by a succession of signal 

 victories, completely checked the inroads of the barba- 

 rians in the west. Constantius, jealous of the reputa- 

 tion, and desirous to reduce the strength of so formida- 

 ble a rival, required the legions of Gaul to join the ex- 

 pedition, which he was himself engaged in conducting 

 against the Persians. These troops, reluctant to leave 

 their own country in a defenceless state, or perhaps 

 stimulated by the adherents of their leader, broke out 

 into open mutiny, refused to march, and proclaimed 

 Julian their emperor, in the 29th year of his age. The 

 philosophical general long professed the most determi- 

 ned opposition to the offered sovereignty ; but his pre- 

 tending to yield at last, in consequence of having been 

 solicited by the genius of the empire, and encouraged 

 by a sign from Jupiter, sufficiently proves the fraud or 

 the fanaticism of his conduct. Constantius, having in- 

 dignantly rejected all the explanations and proposals of 

 Julian as his colleague in the empire, the latter made 

 a resolute and rapid march into lllyricum, where, by 

 the sudden death of his rival, he was left sole emperor 

 of the Roman world about the end of the year 361 . 

 As soon as he saw himself in full possession of the so- 

 vereignty, he threw off all his former disguises, and 

 openly professed himself the votary and high pontiff 

 of the Pagan divinities. But, while he established the 

 ancient worship as the religion of the state, he prc. 

 claimed a free toleration to the Christians, and recalled 

 those who had been banished by the Arian counsels of 

 his predecessor. With all this show of philosophical 

 moderation, he soon evinced his ardent aim to accom- 

 plish the entire subversion of the Christian faith, and 

 the complete restoration of the rites of polytheism. 

 He applied himself, amidst all the hurry of his prepa- 

 rations for the Persian war, to vindicate his preference of 

 paganism by writing a refutation of Christianity ; com- 

 manded many of the treatises in defence of the Gospel 

 to be destroyed ; excluded its adherents from all offices 

 in the service of the state ; prohibited them from teach- 

 ing in the public schools ; required, by a public edict, 

 that they should no longer be called Christians, but 

 Galileans ; connived at the fury of the populace, and 

 the brutality of his governors, who kindled in many 

 provinces the flames of persecution ; and dismissed the 

 complaints of the oppressed accusants with the scoffing 

 remark, that their religion required them to suffer with- 

 out retaliation or repining. With a view to shake the 

 fundamental evidences of the Christian revelation, by 

 convicting its prophecies of error, he attempted to re- 

 assemble the JBWS, and to rebuild >their temple a 

 scheme which (according to the testimony of many 

 contemporary writers, and even of the heathen histo- 

 rian and friend of Julian, Ammianus Marcellinus,) was 

 miraculously defeated by eruptions of fire-balls from 

 the foundation. Other Christian writers, however, of 

 that age, and particularly Jerome, who lived in the vi- 

 cinity of Jerusalem, are entirely silent on the subject ; 

 and it must still be regarded as a doubtful point, whe- 

 ther any such supernatural event took place. Nor is 

 there any necessity, on the part of the Christian, to es- 

 tablish a specific miracle in the case. Julian's avowed de- 

 signs in favour of the Jewish people were rendered abor- 

 tive; and whether by a miraculous interposition defeating 

 the execution of them, or by other events preventing 



Julian. 



