J U L 



391 



J U N 



i from ever being attempted, is of little consequence 

 in the argument. By whatever causes, natural or su- 

 pernatural, the predicted desolation of the Jewish peo- 

 ple and temple has, in the course of providence, been 

 perfectly fulfilled, and stands to this day a plain and 

 incontrovertible point of fact. But the schemes of the 

 emperor for the revival of paganism proving less effi- 

 cacious than his expectations and his flatterers had 

 promised, he threatened to adopt more decisive mea- 

 sures, after he should return from the Persian expedi- 

 tion, which he had resolved to conduct in person. Af- 

 ter residing eight months at Constantinople, and about 

 the same space of time at Antioch in Syria, where he 

 completed his military preparations, he proceeded with 

 the greatest ardour against the Persians ; but, pushing 

 his advance* into the hostile country with greater cou- 

 rage than caution, he was at length compelled to re- 

 treat upon his reinforcements. Harassed on all sides 

 by the pursuing army, he was often called upon to 

 animate his fainting troops by his personal exertions. 

 Having, in one of these hasty skirmishes, entered the 

 field without his cuirass, he was pierced by a dart ; 

 and, being carried to his tent, very calmly breathed 

 his last in the midst of philosophical discussions with 

 his friend*, and ostentatious assertions of his own virtues. 

 He died on the 26th of June, 383, in the 32d year of !ii 

 age, after reigning as sole emperor about '2Q months. 



The character of Julian has been very variously re- 

 presented, but certainly possesses none of that extraor- 

 dinary merit with which some writer* have invested it. 

 He was remarkable for the most rigid temperance, 

 and exemplary chastity ; for the mildness and clemency 



of hi* general conduct, and, at the same time,- for his 

 undaunted military courage ; for hi* love of learning 

 and application to study, amidst the utmost attention to 

 public affairs ; for hi* taste and facility in literary com- 

 position, and In-, intimate acquaintance with the enthu- 

 siastic tenet* of the modern Platonic philosophy. Rut 

 numeron* facts in hi* private history, resting on the 

 ony of hi* warmest admirer*, and even of hi* own 

 writings, prove him to have been a stranger to true 

 philosophy, and even to have been a slave to the rank- 

 est fanaticism. He boasts, with all the affectation of 

 Diogenes, of hi* contempt for personal cleanliness, the 

 length of hi* nails, the inky blackness of hi* hand*, 

 ana the vermin of hi* shaggy beard. He was a vain 

 and incessant talker, and fond, even to puerility, of 

 popular applause. He was an ardent votary of the art 

 of magic, and chose even hi* minister* of state by di- 

 vination. He was addicted to the most abject practices 

 of the urosscil luperttition, not only multiplying sacri- 

 fices to a degree which burdened the revenues of the 



re, but mingling publicly in the temples with the 

 licentious crowd of priest* and female dancers, bring- 

 ing the wood, blowing the fire, handling the knife, 

 slaughtering the victim, thrusting his bloody hands in- 

 to the bowel* of the expiring animal, drawing forth the 

 heart or liver, and earnestly reading the imaginary 



> of future events. Nor was all this the mere ef- 



fect of policy to recommend ancient rites, but actual 

 belief and delight in the senseless ceremonial* ; for he 

 observed, in private, numerous fasts and rite* in ho- 

 nour of the god* and goddess**, with whom he main- 

 tained a perpetual intercourse, fancying (we use the 

 word* of Gibbon) " that they descended on earth 

 to enjoy hi* conversation ; that they gently inter- 

 rupted hi* slumber", by touching his hand or hair ; 

 that they warned him of every impending danger ; and 

 conducted him, by their infallible wisdom, in every action 



of his life ; and that he had acquired such an intimate 

 knowledge of his heavenly guests as readily to distin- 

 guish the voice of Jupiter from that of Minerva, and 

 the form of Apollo from the figure of Hercules." His 

 philosophy was little better than fanaticism, and his 

 genius at times bordered on lunacy ; but he was, ne- 

 vertheless, (with the exception of his measures against 

 theChristians,) agood and wise emperor; and there was, 

 in his character, to use the words of Fleury, " such a 

 mixture of good and bad qualities, that it is easy to 

 praise and blame him at the same time without devia- 

 ting from the truth." His works consist chiefly of a 

 satire against the city of Antioch, entitled Misojiogon, 

 his treatise against the Christian Revelation, epistles, 

 and several orations or discourses. An edition of them 

 in Greek and Latin was published by Spanheim in two 

 vols. fol. in 1696; and an English translation, with co- 

 pious notes from different authors, in two vols. 8vo. by 

 the Hev. John Duncombe, in 1784. See Mosheim's 

 Church History, vol. i. ; Lardner's Jewish and Heathen 

 Tettimoniet ; Gibbon's Roman History, vol. iv. ; La 

 Vie de Julien, par 1'Abbe Bleterie ; and, The Life and 

 Character of Julian, iHustrated in Seven Difsertationt, 

 by Des Voeux, &c. (q) 



JL'LIER, is die name of a lofty mountain, situated 

 in the Grisons, in the northern chain of the Alps of 

 the Kngadine, or valley of the Inn. The passage over 

 this mountain is accomplished in three hours ; and as 

 there are neither precipices nor avalanches, it is ex- 

 treraely safe and easy. At the highest point of the 

 passage is an ancient monument, called the Julian Co- 

 lumns, which are columns four feet high, and made of 

 the rough granite of which the mountain is composed. 

 They are supposed to have formed part of an altar on 

 which the ancient Celtic inhabitants had been accus- 

 tomed to sacrifice a boar to the sun, whom they wor- 

 shipped under the name of Thor. On the Julier, the 

 granite passes to true sienite. On the northern side of 

 the mountain, there is a fine formation of greenish 

 black serpentine, which shelves along the top of the 

 ridge to Septimer. Mines of iron seem to have been 

 formerly wrought in this mountain by the Counts Gel- 

 fes of Altdorf. 



JIMNA. See INDIA, vol. xii. p. 62. 



JL'NGFRAU, or the I'ir/iin, is a stupendous moun> 

 tain of Switzerland, in the northern chain of the Alps, 

 which, by the trigonometrical measurements of M. 

 Tralles, is found to be elevated 12,872 feet above the 

 level of the sea. This mountain, however, is only the 

 seventh in respect to altitude among the Alpine ranges, 

 l>eing exceeded by Mont Blanc, Mont lloter, Ortelen, 

 ( rr\ in, Kinster-Aarhom, and the Col de Laniere. It 

 rise* from the valley of Lauterbrunnen, which extends 

 about five leagues in length, by about only a quarter 

 of a league in breadth, in the canton of Berne, and 

 receives a number of torrents from the surrounding 

 rock*, whence its name is supposed to be derived. 

 But this valley owes its chief celebrity to the cascade 

 of Staubach, precipitated from heights of 800 feet, 

 opposite to which is the Jungfrau, rearing its summit 

 10,422 feet above the village of Lauterbrunnen. It is 

 only from certain positions, however, that the appear- 

 ance of this enormous mass can be properly contem- 

 plated ; when immense glaciers are seen branching out 

 into the vallies and the gorges of the mountains, but prin- 

 cipally on the side of the Valais, where that of Aletsch 

 descends, along a line of eight or nine leagues, nearly 

 reaching the Rhone, The Jungfrau is surrounded 

 on all side* by frightful rocks and precipices; and 



