J U R 



400 



J U R 



Jupiter, sively ; tlie last of whom was the celebrated Juno. Me 

 Jur was the father of the Muses anil the Graces, of Mercury, 

 ^ ~r ' Apollo, and the other gods ; and had a prodigious 

 iiiiinlK.'r of children by his numerous mistresses. 



Jupiter was anciently worshipped under a great va- 

 rit-ty of iiaim-H ; derived from his attributes, from cir- 

 cumstances connected with his history, from the situa- 

 tion of his temples, &c. At Athens, he was chiefly 

 worshipped as Jupiter Olympian; at Rome, as Jupiter 

 CajHlolinit*, from his temple on the Capitoline hill. He 

 was also called Jupiter Slatur, Tonans, Fcrctrius, &c. 

 The Greeks also called him Amman, or Hammon, which 

 signifies Sandy. He first obtained this appellation in 

 Lybia, where he was worshipped under the form of a 

 Ham. 



In his chief temple on the Capitoline hill, Jupiter was 

 represented as sitting on a curule chair, with the//- 

 men, or thunder, or rather lightning, in one hand, and 

 a sceptre in the other. In the figures of the ancient 

 artists, this/u/utnt was always adapted to the character 

 under which they meant to represent the god. When 

 they intended to represent him as calm and beneficent, 

 they gave him the comicjulmen, which consisted of a 

 bundle of flames wreathed close together, and held 

 down in his hand. The Jupiter Tonans, or Terrible 

 Jupiter, on the other hand, was represented as holding 

 up thejiilmen, with two transverse rays of lightning, 

 sometimes with wings at each side of it ; and when 

 some exemplary punishment was to be inflicted, they 

 put into his hand a quantity of flames, all let loose in 

 their utmost fury. The statues of the Terrible Jupiter 

 were generally made of Hack marble; those of the 

 Mild Jupiter of white. In the former, he was repre- 

 sented as standing, in a disturbed attitude, and with 

 an angry countenance. In the latter, as sitting, with 

 an air of tranquillity, and a serene countenance. Jupi- 

 ter, as the chief ruler of the air, and the dispenser of 

 rain, was sometimes represented as Jupiter Pluvius, in 

 which character he appears seated in the clouds, hold- 

 ing up his right hand, or extending his arms on each 

 side, and pouring down rain or hail from his right hand 

 upon the earth, while the fulmen is held down in his 

 left. 



The ancient artists bestowed great pains in express- 

 ing the superiority of Jupiter, by the air of majesty 

 which they gave to his countenance, particular atten- 

 tion being paid to the hair, the eye-brows, and the 

 beard. The most celebrated statue of Jupiter was that 

 in his temple at Olympia, by Phidias, which is particu- 

 larly described by Pausanias ; and of which many of 

 the ancient writers speak in terms of rapture. The 

 artist is said to have conceived the idea of this statue 

 from Homer, //. i. 528. 



JUPITER. See ASTRONOMY, vol. ii. p. 643, 644-, 

 G?2, 695, C99, 706, 707, and 711. 



JU R A is the name of one of the Hebrides, or Western 

 Islands of Scotland, which lies to the north-east of the 

 island of Islay. It is about 26 English miles long, and 

 in some parts eight miles broad, but its average breadth 

 is only about four and a half miles. Hence it contains 

 about 117 square miles, or 58,500 Scotch, or 74,888 

 English acres. 



Mountains. Jura is principally composed of large rugged crags. 

 The ridges of mountains occupy the middle of the 

 island, extending along its whole length, and rising 

 higher and higher to the south-west, till they terminate 

 in four similar peaked mountains, called the Paps of 

 Jura, two of which stand close to each other on the 

 western part of the island, and are seen at a great dis- 



6 



tance. The highest of these peaks, called Benin an Jura. 

 oir, or the "golden mountain," rises 2310 feet above the * "V"-'' 

 level of the sea, according to Br. Walker. According Mountains. 

 to Sir Joseph Banks, the second highest,x>r Beinn S/ii- 

 onla, the " enchanted mountain," is 24-20 feet high, and 

 it is CO feet lower than the former. The other two, 

 which are much lower, are called Beinn a chaotais, the 

 " mountain near the land," and Corro-liheinn, or " the 

 rugged mountain." Beinn an-oir is composed of large 

 stones, covered with mosses at its base, while the stones 

 above are bare and unconnected, so as to give it the 

 appearance of a great cairn. The prospect from the 

 summit is grand and extensive, and has been fully de- 

 scribed by Pennant and by Mr. Macdonald. The Isle 

 of Man and the Isle of Sky are seen at the same time, 

 though the distance is about 220 miles. 



To the north of Jura, in the sound between it and whirlpool 

 Scarba, lies the famous whirlpool of Corrybhreaccain, of Corry- 

 from Bhreaccain, a son of the king of Denmark, who lhrcuiun. 

 perished amid its waves. The strait is about a mile 

 broad, and the whirlpool is on the Scarba side. When 

 the flood has entered the sound, the sea appears in 

 great commotion at the place of the whirlpool. It boils 

 and foams, and rolls away in successive whirls. At the 

 fourth hour of the flood, the commotion reaches its 

 maximum, and throws up, with dreadful ebullitions, 

 every thing from the bottom. The roar of the waves 

 is often heard at the distance of six or seven miles. At 

 this time, it is generally fatal to approach the gulf; 

 but from the middle of the fifth hour to the sixth of 

 the flood, and in neap tides from the fourth till the 

 sixth, the commotion gradually subsides, and the small- 

 est boat may pass in safety. After the return of the 

 ebb, however, the same phenomena are repeated, in- 

 creasing and diminishing at corresponding times, till 

 the commotions again subside at the approach of the 

 lowest ebb. 



The west side of Jura is so wild and rugged, and so 

 intersected by mountain torrents, that it is neither in- 

 habited nor cultivated to any extent. The east coast 

 is the principal residence of the inhabitants, who raise 

 oats, barley, potatoes, and flax, on the land near the 

 margin of the sea. 



About the nineteenth part of the island, or 3000 acres, Acricul- 

 are under regular or occasional tillage ; but the system ture. 

 of improvement which has been introduced into several 

 of the other islands, has not yet found its way into Ju- 

 ra. The crops and the live stock admit of great im- 

 provement. Potatoes are cultivated with care, and 

 form four-fifths of the nourishment of the inhabitants. 

 About 80 or 90 tons of kelp are manufactured. Fern 

 ashes were formerly exported ; but this manufacture 

 seems to have been abandoned. Many tons of the fine 

 siliceous sand, was formerly exported for the manufac- 

 ture of glass, from some of the bay son the west coast; 

 but this material is now obtained from a less distance.. 



Mr. Macdonald considers enclosures as the great de f 

 sideratum in Jura, implying a subdivision and regular 

 appropriation of lands among the tenantry. 



Among the mountains of Jura, are found several Animals, 

 kinds of red deer, and grouse and black game are very 

 plentiful. The number of cattle, when Mr. Pennant 

 visited the island, was very great; but it has been 

 much diminished, to make room for the numerous herds 

 of sheep and goats which have since been introduced. 

 Mr. Pennant informs us, that he had " some obscure 

 account of a worm, which, though less pernicious, had 

 considerable resemblance to the Furia iiifrrnalis of 

 Linnaeus, the filters, or little worm of Jura, which i? 



