K I R 



463 



K I R 



of war are prevented by a bar from coming into the 

 basin. 



A fort, to which the Duke of Onnond gave the name of 

 Charlt- s' Fort, ii< v utraiu-c to the harbour. It was 



begun by the Earl of Orrery in 1 ('>'$, and cost upwards of 

 70,000. ! :>t some distance from the town, on a 



neat;i >* garrisoned with a regiment of foot, 



and c irboureo completely, that vessels must 



: of it. \\ lien it was built, the old fort 

 on the othtr -ii'.i: of the river was tunied into a block-house. 

 - harbour was -o much frequented, in time of war, 

 with homeward and outward bound East and West India 

 fleets, and also by large squadrons of our thipsof war, that 

 there was a provision in the ka-f-, that the inhabitants 

 should pay double rent in such a season. Kinsale sends 

 one member to the imperial purliamt ut. There are 12 

 burge<--e, who elect each other. The political influence 

 of the burgh belongs to Lord de Clifford. There are two 

 well-built v illages, Cove and Stilly, on the opposite shore. 



Kinsale is town of great antiquity. It was incorpo- 

 rated by charter in the reign of king Edward III. Henry 

 V 1 1 1. ci-iiu rrnl upon the town a large standard, embroid- 

 ered with the arms of England. When the Spaniards took 

 possession of the town in 1(J01, the charter was forfeited ; 

 but after the place was reduced, and the Spaniards taken 

 prisoners, it was restored. James II. landed here on the 

 liJth March, Hiss ; Imt, in the autumn of 1690, the earl 

 of Marlborough took the old fort by storm, and obtained 

 possession of Charles' Furt and the town. 



There are at Kinsale about 400 boats, of about 20 tons 

 each, called Hookers, which are employed in fishing, and 

 which supply the markets of Cork, Kinsale, and Bandon. 

 These vessels are good sea-boats, and are serviceable to 

 ships in the way of pilotage. Four men is the general num- 

 ber for each boat, and they are exempted from impress- 

 ment. Money wai coined in Kinsale in 1672. Sotneofthe 

 Eei itill remain. Population 10,000. Distance 

 "Dubli , south-west. West Long. 8 38', 



See our art. IRELAND, voLxii. p. 340. 



KIO1, Kicr, or KIEV, is the capital of a government of 

 4 of the tame name. It is situated on the Dnieper, 

 and consists of three small towns, namely, the fortress of 

 Pethersky and its suburb*, the old city of Kiof, and the 

 town of Podol, otherwise called the low, or the new town. 

 The fortress is built regularly on an eminence facing the 

 south, and has a rampart of nine bastions in good condi- 

 tion, besides barrack* for the garrison, magazines, officers' 

 booses, some churches, and a beautiful and rich convent. 

 The suburbs of tin- fortress are very large, and contain 

 several churches and convents, of which the principal is 

 that olas. The convent, which was founded in 



thel 1th century, was called Pethersky, because the monks 

 i 1 Ytsherm, a cavern in the mountain upon 

 . w stands. The vaults of the convent, which is 

 like a labyrinth, and consists of cells and chapeU, contain 

 numbers of adecayed bodies, supposed to be the relics of 

 saints. Theol . iof stands upon a rising ground 



facing the north. l't i- fortitird .ind defended by several 

 born-work*. The cathedral, which stands here, is the seat 

 of the arcM" -if.p. tuu-lar <>t' Kiof, and metropolitan of all 

 Russia, Most of the bouses belong to the cathedral, ami tu 

 the convent of > I. The new town is situated be- 



low old Kiof, on tiie plain, on the banks of the Dneiper. It 

 contains several churches and convents, the hotel de ville, 

 and the academical college, which is a large and well built 

 structure F.at Long. SO 9 56', and North Lat. 50 32'. 



Kl; -> TtMPBBAMBNl or THE Ml 



. it an irregular douxeave, which he published at 

 Berlin in 1 77 I .and which has been strongly recommended 

 to musicians ; but the Rev. C. J. Smyth, one of the minor 

 canons of Norwich cathedral, in the Phil. Mag. vol. xxxv. 



p. 449, after examining its pretensions, very decidedly con- Kircher. 

 demns this system, as undeserving the pains that had been Kirk *ldy 

 bestowed on it, and inferior to the Mean Tone system, and """""V 

 others which have been proposed. (5) 



KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS, a celebrated natural philoso- 

 pher, was born at FuUla in 1601. At the age of 17, he 

 began his studies under the Jesuits, and was soon distin- 

 guished by the rapidity of his progress, both in science and 

 literature. When his studies were completed, he was ap- 

 pointed to teach philosophy, mathematics, Hebrew, and 

 Syriac, in the university of Wurtzburg in Franconia j and 

 he filled this situation with great credit till the year 1631, 

 when he withdrew into France, during the war between 

 Ferdinand II. and Gustavus, and spent some time in the 

 Jesuits' college at Avignon. In this situation he published, 

 in 1635, his Priitiitice Gnomonica;, a work which contains 

 the description of many curious dials, a subject to which 

 he had paid particular attention. In 1643, he published at 

 Cologne his Magntssive deArle Magnetica. Kircher was 

 after this called to Rome, in order to fill the mathematical 

 chair in the Roman college. After discharging this duty 

 fur li years, he undertook the professorship of Hebrew. In 

 lt>40', he published at Rome, in folio, his Ars magna Lucis 

 et i'mbrat, a work which contains much interesting matter, 

 but particularly an account of Kircher's attempt to imitate 

 the burning mirrors of Archimedes, and a description of 

 the magic lantern, of which he was the undoubted inventor. 

 In order to ascertain the possibility of Archimedes having 

 burned the gallies of Marcellus, he made a voyage to Sy- 

 racuse, in company with his pupil and friend Schottus, in 

 order to examine the harbour of that city. In 1650, he 

 published his Muturgia L'nicertalit, which he dedicated to 

 Leopold, Archduke of Austria, and afterwards Emperor of 

 Germany. This work occupies 2 vote, and trc.tts princi- 

 pally of the theory and practice of music. In 1 6:>6, he pub- 

 iished his Iter rxtaticum cocletle quo mundi opificium perjtc- 

 ti raplui intfgumentumeifjlnnatum, nova hypothesi txposiliir. 

 A second edition of this was published in 1660, to which 

 was added the Iler extaticum tcrreitre teu Mundut tublerra- 

 ittHf. Another edition of both these works was published in 

 1 >i7 1 , with additions and illustrations by Gaspar Schottus. 



Kircher died at Home in the year 16SO, in the 80th year 

 of his age. Besides the works which we have mentioned, 

 he published a work entitled Obcliscvs Pamphylius, (I'.tli- 

 pm Egypt iacut, in 4 vols. folio; Obelhcus Egyptiacut, in 

 4 vols. folio ; and China Iltuslratn. His works extended to 

 22 vols. folio, 1 1 in Ho. and 3 in Svo. He employed him- 

 self in collecting, for the Roman college, a cabinet of an- 

 tiquities, consisting of medals, mathematical instruments, 

 rare animals, minerals, Jcc. This collection was finished 

 by Father Bonanni, who published a description of it, 

 which appeared at Rome in 1707, under the title of Mu- 

 teum Kircherianutn. 



K I RK A LI ) V, a royal burgh of Scotland, in the county 

 of Fife, lies in the bosom of the bay of the same name. It 

 stretches along the foot of a steep bank, and consists chit-f- 

 ly of one street, nearly a mile in length, with a few smaller 

 streets and lanesopening on each side. The principal street 

 is in general narrow, crooked, and inconvenient ; but, in 

 181 1, an act of Parliament was obtained for widening and 

 paving the streets, lighting and watering the town, which, 

 so far as the trustees have been enabled by their funds to 

 go, has been attended with the most beneficial conse- 

 quences, and there is now on each side of the street an ex- 

 cellent pavement for foot passengers. 1'he town is light- 

 ed, and is well supplied with water. There have been a 

 few substantial, and even elegant buildings, erected in the 

 town and neighbourhood of late ; but the hou.-cs are ge- 

 nerally rather mean, and many of them awkwardly placed, 

 with their ends to the street, without any regard to uni- 

 formity. The only public buildings worthy of notice are 



