LAN 



525 



LAN 



About the commencement of the year 1 782, Mr. Lan- 

 den had made such additions to his theory of rotatory 

 motion, that he thought himself capable of resolving 

 the general problem, namely, to determine " the rota- 

 tory motion of a body of any form whatever, revolving 

 without restraint about any axis passing through its 

 centre of gravity." Having found, however, that the 

 result was materially different from that given by d'A- 

 lembert, he declined publishing his solution. The so- 

 lution of the same problem given by Euler, in the Me- 

 mairtafthe Berlin Academy for 1757, happened to 

 fall into his hands and he saw that the result was the 

 me as that of d'Alembert ; but the groat perspicuity 

 of Euler'* ime>lig.<ti<>n-, eirihled him to disc-over the 

 point in which the solution differed from his own. Af- 

 ter repeated examinations of his own solution, he was 

 firmly convinced of its correctness, and at last publish- 

 ed it 'in the Philntnphical Trantacttont for 1783. The 

 Rev. Charles Wildbore, a respectable mathematician, 

 attacked Landen'a solution in the Phil. Trans, for 1790, 

 in a paper on Spherical Motion, and obtained the same 

 solution ax that of Euler and d'Alembert. Mr. Landen 

 wan thus led to revi-e and extend his solution, and hav- 

 ing found a result similar to that of Euler, in Frisi's 

 Cormo-^raphia ; and having also learned, that Euler 

 had revised his own' solution, and obtained the same 

 mult, in his Theoria Moliu corporum Solidorum teu ri- 

 gidorum, which appeared in 1705, he set about a full 



explanation of his n 

 He was 



was now severely afflicted with the stone ; but 

 during the painful intervals uf that agonizing disorder, 

 he continued to write the second volume of his Mi 

 which appeared after his death. This volume contains, 

 among other important papers, a solution of the general 

 i oncmiing rotatory motion, the resolution of 

 the problem relative to the motion of a top, and an in 

 retention of the precession of the equinoctial point-, in 

 which he had the honour of detecting, for the first time, 

 Sir Isaac Newton's mistake in his celebrated solution of 

 the same problem. Mr. Landen had the satisiatn 

 receiving a co]' irk. on the day before his death, 



which took place at Milton, near Peterborough, on the 

 15th of January, 1790, in the 71st year of his age. A 

 flat *tone in the north aisle of the church of Castor in 

 Northamptonshire, is the only monument to the 1111-1110- 

 ry of this distinguished mathematician. 



As a mathematician, Mr. Landen is entitled to a very 

 high reputation ; but he possessed, in no small degree, 

 a coarseness of mind, and a disposition to contemn the 

 pursuits of others, which, we regret to say, is too often 

 exhibited by those who exclusively cultivate the mathe- 

 matics. His treatment of Euler is by no means hand- 

 some ; and the controversy with Dr. Henry Clarke re- 

 specting that gentleman's translation of Lorgna's trea- 

 tise on series, was carried on with an asperity of lan- 

 guage unworthy of a man of genius. From the singu- 

 lar contrast between the manners of Mr. Landen and 

 those of his noble friend the Earl of Fitzwilliam, the vil- 

 lagers often exclaimed, when they were seen to pass 

 together, " There goes Lord Landen and Mr. Fit/wil- 

 liam." Mr. Landen left one daughter, who, we believe, 

 is still alive. His manuscripts were sold to the shop- 

 keepers of Peterborough for waste paper. 



LAMM'.S, I.ES, is the name of a department in the 

 south-west region of France. It is bounded on the 

 north by the department of the Gironde ; on the east 

 by that of Lot, and Garonne, and Gers ; on the south 

 by the Lower Pyrenees ; and on the west by the sea. 

 It contains 480 square leagues, or 9175 square kilome- 

 tres, and is watered by the river Adour, and by the Me. 

 dan, which pastes by Mont Marsan. Its principal pro- 

 ductions are barley, wines, cork, charcoal, and resin ; 

 but the soil is in general sandy and unfruitful, the north 

 and west parts consisting of heath and marshes. The 

 sea is said to have once covered this department, and to 

 have flowed as far as Dax. The villages and hamlets 

 stand on spots of fertile ground, like islands, among the 

 sand. The shepherds are remarkable for being mount, 

 ed on stilts, which raise them from three to five feet 

 above the ground, for the double purpose of keeping 

 them out of the water, which lies deep on the sands, 

 and of enabling them to see their sheep at a greater dis- 

 tance on the lerl ground. The principal towns are, 



Population. 



Mont de Marsan SiHtiti 



St. Sever 5844 



Dax 4398 



The forests of pines and oaks cover about 201 8 acres, 

 and belong in general to individuals. The contribu- 

 tions in 1S03, were 1,207,597 francs; and the population 

 of the department 228,889. Mont Marsan is the capital. 



Landeir, 

 Lamles, 



Les 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 



the infancy of human arts, all gardening would be 

 ided in the culture of a few fruits and escu- 

 lent plants in a very limited space ; but at present, the 

 word garden has at least three di.itinct significations : 

 to designate a spot, destined for the culture of fruits and 

 culinary vegetables ; to murk a space, devoted to flowers 

 and botanical pursuit* ; and to denote a more extended 

 scene, characterized by forest trees, and walks for 

 hade and recreation, and combining luch other objects 

 belonging to external scenery, as taste, art, or locality 

 may confer. For kitchen gardening and botanic gar- 

 dening, we refer to our view of HORTICULTURE. The 

 art of forming the third elm of gardens, and to which 

 we propose n this article to confine our attention, has 

 been, till of late, indifferently known under the terms 

 pleamrr, ornamental, and rural gardening ; but is now 

 ::: >r>- ^rnt-riliy <i: ijni't 1 .. .' . ;'./..'< ;'!,'. .1 '.ery 



happy term, particularly as applied to the modern style 



of laying out grounds. But as we intend directing our Landscape 

 attention to both styles, we shall employ the term gar- Gardening, 

 dcning as a generic distinction, comprehending both ** ~Y" *" 

 the geometric or ancient, and the modern or landscape 

 gardening. We shall arrange our observations in the 

 following order : 



1. An historical view of ornamental gardening, an. 

 cient and modern. 



2. The object of this art, and the principles of com. 

 position adapted to it. 



3 The application of these principles to the different 

 materials employed in forming a country residence. 



4. The application of these principles, in uniting these 

 materials in compositions or constituent parts of a coun- 

 try residence. 



5. The union of these constituent parts, in the for- 

 mition of the different varieties of country residences. 



6. The practice of landscape gardening. 



