LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 



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kept specimens of lions, leopards, and bears. As kit- 

 chen gardeners and botanists, the Swedes, even at the 

 period of which we now speak, were in a considerable 

 state of advancement, of which there are proofs in the 

 history of the gardens of L'psal, given in the first vo- 

 lume of the Amtcnitates Academicee. 



Sir John Carr, and Her von Lchmann, have mention- 

 ed some ancient royal gardens at Denmark, which, how- 

 ever, are now in a state of dilapidation, and could 

 never have been considerable. 



The Spaniards appear to have had less taste for gar- 

 dening than any of the other nations of Europe. The 

 botanic garden of Madrid was not formed till 1757, 

 but they had at one time two or three magnificent 

 examples in the French style ; those of the Eicurial 

 and Aranjuez.from designs by I.e Notre ; and that of II- 

 defonso, of which we have not been able to learn the 

 name of the designer. Hirschfield describes these gar- 

 dens from the journal of an Italian, in 1775. A detailed 

 account of those of the Escurial, has been published in 

 England by J. Thomson. They appear to have con- 

 tained a splendid profusion of water works, and cover- 

 ed alleys, rock works, statues, and other details of an 

 ancient garden ; and we regret to find, from more re- 

 cent travellers, that they are now in a state of dilapida- 

 tion. The oldest gardens in Spain, are undoubtedly 

 those of the religious houses. There are still some wa- 

 ter works, walks, and umbrageous scenes, adjoining the 

 Alhambra and the Alcazar. At the Retiro, near Malaga, 

 a seat of Count Villacasa, and formerly a royal residence, 

 are gardens in die Moorish style, with straight cypress 

 walks, and excellent water works. Granja, the seat of 

 Don Ramon Fortuny, near Tarragona, appears to ! 

 good taste, combining the ancient style, and the cultiva- 

 tion of orange, olive, and other orchards, witli vineyards; 

 and with an accidental mixture of rocks and picturesque 

 scenery. 



Montserrat, near Cintra, a seat of the late eminent 

 merchant Mr. Beckford, was laid out by his English 

 gardener, but is in no respect remarkable. 



Wherever Europeans have settled, and enriched 

 Jieroselves in other quarters of the world, it is natural 

 to suppose they would attempt to introduce their native 

 style of gardening. We know of no remarkable in- 

 oftht stance applicable to that of the ancient style, excepting 

 that of the Dutch governor at the Cape of Good Hope. 

 In Lachman's Travel* of the Jemilt, published in 1767, 

 it is described as a square enclosure, occupying 1 9 acres, 

 with " covered and open walks, natural thickets, and 

 rills of water ;" and, " on the whole," says Father 1're- 

 mare, " is one of the most beautiful spots in the world, 

 in which art had taken far less pains than nature." 

 Lachman's Travel*, vol. i. p. 37. 



One of the earliest notices which we find of a garden 

 in England, i* in I.eland's Itinerary. He states, that 

 "atWresehill castelle, in Yorkshire, the gardeins within 

 the mote, and the orchardes without, were exceeding 

 fair. And yn the orchardes, were mountes, oprrr to- 

 piarii, writhen about with degrees like turning* of cokil 

 shelle, to com to the top withoute payn." (Itinerary, 

 Her p. 60.) Surh a mount still exists in the garden of 

 the castle inn at Marllxmnigh, not ascended bv steps or 

 degrees, but by a winding path. It is covered with an* 

 cient yew trees, no longer opere topiarii. Leland also 

 mentions the gardens at Morli. in Derbyshire, and some 

 pnk others of less note in the northern counties. 

 faffand. The first park (kaftitationum lerarnm) of which we 

 i'K>. have any notice. U that of Henry I. at Woodstock, men- 

 ft.D. 1350. tioned in Henry of Huntington's history. Lib. 7. 



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The features of a pleasure garden in Chaucer's days, ^ ulor ^\ 

 may be guessed at from three lines of his Troilus and * *^~" 

 Cretsida : 



" The yerde was large, am! railed all the aleyes, 

 Anil shadowed we] with blosomy bowis greene, 

 And benched newe, and sondid all the weyes." v. 821. 



During the century of disputes between the houses A. D 1400. 

 of York and Lancaster, little or no attention could be to 

 paid to the peaceful arts ; and accordingly we find no * D- 150 . 

 other notice of a garden till the time of Henry VIII. "jJ y 

 when the royal gardens of Nonsuch were laid out and A . o. 1560. 

 planted. These gardens were of limited extent, and con- 

 tained only two or three species of shrubs, (see our ar- 

 ticle HORTICULTURE, where this garden is more parti- 

 cularly described,) and fruit trees, with a bowling- 

 green and dial. Not a vestige of any part of these im- 

 provements remain at that seat, which is now private 

 property, and arranged in the modern style. 



During the reign of Elizabeth, an Italian published Hlizabeth, 

 some Latin poems, in which he represents her majesty A D> 

 as curious in flowers. In the same reign, Henlzcr in- 

 forms us, that there was in the privy garden a jet-dVnu, 

 which, by turning a cock, wetted all the spectators who 

 might be standing near. Hampton Court was laid out 

 at the end of this reign by Cardinal Wolsey. The la- 

 byrinth, one of the best which remains in England, oc- 

 cupies only a quarter of an acre, and contains nearly 

 half a mile of winding walks. There is an adjacent 

 stand, on which the gardener places himself, to extri- 

 cate the adventuring stranger by his directions. Swit- 

 zer condemns this labyrinth for having only four (tops, 

 and gives a plan for one with twenty. Daines Barring- 

 ton says, that he got out by keeping close to the hedge. 

 It is not perfectly clear, that the whole of the ancient 

 gardens at this palace, were laid out during the Car- 

 dinal's life. We know, that some additions were made 

 in Kin_' Wilii.iin's time, and others during the reign of 

 George I. Here, in fact, the Dutch style was first dis- 

 played under the first of these monarch*. 



James I. formed or improved the gardens at Theo- Jamei f. 

 balds, of which a description from Mandelso has alrea- A - u - 

 dy been given under the article HORTICULTURE. The 

 same author mentions a royal garden at Greenwich, 

 improved by this monarch. Lord Bacon attempted 

 to reform the national taste during this reign, but with 

 what success is not known. He wished still to retain 

 shorn trees and hedges ; but proposed winter, or ever- 

 green gardens, and rude or neglected spots, as speci- 

 mens of wild nature. " As for tlie making of knots or 

 figures," says he, " with divers coloured earths they 

 be but toys. I do not like images cut put in juniper, 

 or other garden stuff they are for children.'' (Essay 

 O Gardens.) 



Tke Gardener * Labyrinth by Didymus Mountain, was A. D. 1578. 

 published in the reign of Elizabeth ; and Lawson's New 

 Onhanl in 1()26. Both contain plates, exhibiting o leg'c 

 " knotts and mazes, cunningly handled for the bcau- 

 tifying of gardens." 



In a Janiia Triiinguit, published at Oxford during Cromwell, 

 the commonwealth, we are informed that "gardening A. D. 1650. 

 is practised for food's sake in a kitchen garden and or- 

 chard ; or for pleasure's sake, in a green grass plat and 

 an arbour.'* As to the formation of the latter, he adds, 

 " The pleacher (lopiarius) prepares a green plat of the 

 more choice flowers and rarer plants, and adorns the 

 garden with pleach work ; that is, with pleasant walks, 

 and bowers, &c. to conclude with purling fountains and 

 water works." Chap. 32. We learn also from this com* 





