LAN 



573 



LAN 



Art at toy- FieMs to be retained. No. 8. Public road, to be bound- 

 ed by sunk walls instead of hedges. No. 9. Fields be- 

 longing to the proposed farm. 



By a general plan of this description, accompanied 

 by others more detailed, of the kitchen garden, pleasure 

 ground-, terrace, Sec. and by the explanatory details of 

 the red boot, any gardener of ordinary intelligence may 

 execute the mo-t intricate design ; and if this design 

 has been carefully formed from inspecting the premi- 

 ses, and proper general views have been minutely ta- 

 ken from different points, the landscape gardener may 

 hew the effect of future improvements with confidence, 

 and leave behind him a book of improvements, or, in 

 other words, such plans, sections, views, and written 

 instructions, as may enable the gardener gradually to 

 produce them, with nearly as much certainty as an ar- 

 chitect directs a builder to raise an elevation of mason- 

 ry. Distantly situated proprietors, ambitious of dis- 

 playing tome refinement of ideas on rural matters, might 

 in this way first procure, and then work to a general 

 plan, instead, as is often the case at present, of working 

 according to their own crude notions, and producing 

 scenes which afford no pleasure to any one but their 

 owner. 



SECT. IV. Of the professional Education of a Landtcape 

 Gardener. 



Pnfr-uonil Sir William Chambers complains, that, in his time, 

 the art of laving out ground* was too generally left to 

 kitchen gardeners ; and Mr. Kcpton, (who has died since 

 the former part of this article was written), in his intro- 

 duction to Observations on Ike Theory and Practice of 

 iMiuhcape Gardening, and in his Letter to Mr. Price, 

 tatea, that he steppeu forward (in 1790 we believe) under 

 the protection of some of the first character* of the 

 country, and rescued the art from the hand* of labour, 

 era. Wright, Eaatea, Hamilton, and some others, ao 

 curding to Mr. O. Mason, mut beexcepted ; but whe- 

 ther this be the caw or not, no blame can be attached 

 t thi ingenious and intelligent clan of men for their 

 attempt* at landscape gardening ; ince it is just a* na- 

 tural, in the infancy of art, for a kitchen gardener to 

 become a landscape gardener, as for a mason to become 

 an architect ; and experience ha* shewn, that the one 

 claa* i* not lea* fit for the jammed profession than the 

 other. There is, indeed, a certain degree of practical 

 knowledge requisite fur both architects and landscape 

 gardener", which no person who ha* not studied as a 

 carpenter, maaon, orgardener, can easily if at all olrtain. 

 Whoever U intended fur a landscape gardener, 

 ahould. in oar opinion, be sent for at least one year to 

 an eminent nurseryman, or horticulturist, where he 

 may acquire a practical knowledge at once of the 

 name* and culture of plant* and trees, and the general 

 economy of a garden. If he i* to act also occasionally 

 an an architect, he hould next be sent for at least one 

 year to an eminent carpenter and builder, during 

 which time he ought to study the theory of carpentry, 

 a* well a* the mechanical principle*, and principles of 

 deafen in architect in. On tin- Mi|i)>ositiun that he 

 ha*, previously to all this, had a liberal education, lie 

 may now be placed under a landscape gardener, where, 

 in addition to the common routine of the profession, he 

 ought to be aaiiduou* in ikt-tching and studying the 

 effect of landscape and buildings, in particular; and 

 in studying the principles of taite and of the fine arts, 

 in general, fie may, during this time, or 



natural beauty in great Britain ; and, if to this he can 

 add an excursion to Italy, and the south of Germany, 

 he will richly profit from the time and expence so em- 

 ployed. 



We may suppose the pupil, after such a course, to ; 

 have attained the age of 25 years, when he may com- 

 mence practising the art. Before that period of life, 

 we doubt whether any person, however great his na- 

 tural sensibility or industry, can have acquired a ma- 

 ture taste and a sufficient stock of theoretical and prac- 

 tical knowledge. Without these combined, and quali- 

 fied by good sense, he may throw out occasional bril- 

 liant ideas of improvement, but cannot be relied on for 

 a general plan that shall bear, in all its parts, the test 

 of critical examination. But " where theoretical know- 

 ledge, and practical skill," Mr. Stewart observes, " aro 

 happily combined in the same person, the intellectual 

 jxiwer of man appears in its full perfection, and fits him 

 equally to conduct with a masterly hand the details of 

 ordinary business, and to contend successfully with the 

 untried difficulties of new and hazardous situations." 

 Elements of the Philosophy of t lie Human Mind, p. 232. 

 2d edit. 



The following .works may be advantageously con- 

 sulted on the art of gardening and laying out grounds. 



1. Geometric Style. 



1638. Trait f du Jardinage, felon Ics raisons de la Na- 

 ture et de FArt. 4to. 



1673. Boyceau D'Argenville, Theorie et Pratique du, 

 Jardinage ; ou I'on traite a fond des beaux Jardins appel- 

 let communement let Jardins de plaitir. 4to. 



1702. Geometric pratique da Maisons et des Jardins, 

 par Mallet. -Mo. 



1719. Ichnographia ruttica. 8vo. 2 vols. 



1726. Clarici del Architcttura fun Giardino. 4to. 



1728- Le Blond's Theory and Practice of Gardening. 

 4to. 



2. Modern Style. 



1761. Shenstone's Unconnected Thoughts on Modern 

 Gardening. 12mo. 



1768. Mason's Essay on Design. 8vo. 



1770. Wheatley's Obse rvations on Modern Gardening, 

 8vo. 



1772. Chambers' Oriental or Chinese Gardening. 4to, 



1776. Morel, Theorie des Jardins. 8vo. 



1777- Girardin de la Composition des Payxagcs, ou def 

 not/ens d'embellir la nntiire aatour des 'habitations en 

 joignant tagreable ii 1'itti/f. 12mo. 



1785. Marshall's Planting and llural Ornament. 8vo, 



1793. Hirschfield, Theorie des Jardins, 5 vols. 4to. 



1794. Parkyn's Essay on the Different Natural Situa- 

 tions of Gardens. 4to. 



17;*5. Repton's Sketches on Landscape Gardening, fok 



1797. De Lille, The Gardens, a poem. 4to. 



1798. Price'* Essays on tlie Picturesque. 8vo. 

 180?. Repton's Observations on the Theory and Prac- 



tice of Landscape Gardening. 4to. (j. c. t.) 

 LANDSCAPE PAIN UNO. See PAINTING. 

 LAND-TAX, is an annual impost, which supersed- 

 ed all the former methods of rating either property or 

 persons in respect of their property, whether by tenths 

 or fifteenths, subsidies on land, hydages, scutages, or 

 talliages. 



In the beginning of the civil wars between Charles 

 I. and his parliament, the latter, having no other suffi- 

 cient revenue to support themselves and their measures, 

 introduced the practice of laying weekly and monthly 



Landscape 

 p * 1 " tI "S> 

 ~ ' 



soon af- 

 terwards a* possible', employ great part of hi* time in 

 visiting the principal gentlemen's seats, and scene* of assessments of a specific sum 'upon the several counties 



