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r.eghorn. Articles brought into Leghorn from the Continent pay 

 ^Lcibniii. heavy duties to government, and from that cause, as 

 ~~Y~~' W ell as from the monopolies of brandy, tobacco, and 

 salt, the necessaries of life are very dear. 



Leghorn is famous for its great magazines of oils, 

 which were constructed by the Medici family. They 

 are square vaults, from four to five feet high, built of 

 brick, and covered inside with a sort of stucco, made of 

 pounded bricks. These magazines are capable of hold- 

 ing no less than 24,000 barrels. Every merchant has 

 his own reservoir, and keeps the key of it. 



The bowling-green, called Gli Sparti, and the ram- 

 parts, are the favourite promenades The convent of 

 Monte Nevo, at a short distance from Leghorn, is high- 

 ly celebrated. Leghorn contains no antiquities. The 

 water of Leghorn is so bad, that the opulent inhabit- 

 ants supply themselves frpnl Pisa. 



The principal imports of Leghorn from Great Bri- 

 tain are, alum, Jesuits' bark, cassia, fistula, and 

 lignea, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, pepper, pimento, 

 black and white ginger, Carraca, West India and Ma- 

 ranham cocoa, coffee, black and silver cochineal, Per- 

 nambuco, Maranham, Bahia, and Bengal cotton, cod 

 and stockfish, Buenos Ayres and Brazil hides, East In- 

 dia, Caracca, and Guatimala indigo, lead in pigs, lead 

 ore, litharge, nankeens in short pieces, Jamaica and 

 Leeward Islands rum, raw and refined sugar, Havannah 

 white and brown, Brazil ditto, tin in platts |d single, 

 and ^d double, Virginia and Brazil tobacco, English 

 and Scotch wheat, fustic, logwood, Brazil or Pevnam- 

 buco wood, Nicaragua in large logs, Manchester, Bir- 

 mingham, and Nottingham manufactures. 



The principal exports of Leghorn are, sweet and 

 bitter almonds, anchovies, Bologna white argil, Flo- 

 rence ditto, red and white, Sicily barilla, juniper ber- 

 ries, -Sicily rough brimstone, Tuscan ditto in rolls, can- 

 tharides, Parmesan cheese, cream of tartar, Zante cur- 

 rants,essence of bergamot and lemon, Smyrnablackgalls, 

 Aleppo black galls in sorts, gum arable and tragacanth, 

 Bologna hemp, Irios root, liquorice, paste, lemon juice, 

 madder root of Cyprus and Smyrna, manna in flakes 

 and in sorts, Lucca oil in jars and in half chests, Galli- 

 poli oil, orange peel and buds, quicksilver, Lipari and 

 Smyrna raisins, Tuscan rags, sponges, saff-flower, saf- 

 fron aquillas, Sicily sumac, senna, Tuscan lamb and 

 kid skins, white and mottled soap, valonea, &c. 



The population of this town is variously stated. Some 

 make it 60, and even 70,000 ; others from 4-0 to 50,000 ; 

 and Eustace calls it only 30,000. East Long. 10 16' 

 45". and North Lat. 43 33' 5". See Eustace's Travels, 

 vol. ii. p. 295. 



LEIBNITZ, GODFREY WILLIAM, a celebrated philo- 

 sopher and mathematician, was born at Leipsic in 1646, 

 and was the son of Frederic Leibnitz, professor of rno- 

 ral philosophy, and secretary to the university in that 

 city. He made a rapid progress in classical learning, 

 and discovered, in his youth, a ready talent of versifi- 

 cation. His academical studies were very extensive, 

 but were particularly directed to the writings of the 

 Greek philosophers, whose systems he attempted to re- 

 concile with each other, and with that of Des Cartes. 

 He devoted himself chiefly, however, to the study of 

 the law, as a professional pursuit ; and was admitted 

 bachelor of that faculty at Jena in 1665, and doctor at 

 Altorf in the year following. Upon a visit to the uni- 

 versity of Nuremberg, he connected himself with a so- 

 ciety of learned men, who were engaged in the pursuit 

 of the philosophers stone, and to whom he acted for 

 some time in the office of secretary ; he having at. 



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traded the notice of Baron Boinebourg, first minister Leibnfe. 

 of the Elector of Mentz, he repaired under his patron- ~r 

 age to Frankfort on the Maine. In 1668, he wrote a 

 treatise in support of the elector palatine's prensions 

 to the crown of Poland, which had then become va- 

 cant, and was in consequence invited to the court of 

 that prince; but his patron Boinebourg prevented his 

 acceptance of the invitation, by procuring ],i m t l le o f_ 

 fice of counsellor of the chamber of review at Mentz, 

 and afterwards engaged him to take charge of his son 

 at Pan*. He applied himself in that city to the study 

 of mathematics, in which he had not previously made 

 much progress, particularly to the writings of Pascal, 

 bt. Vincent, Huygens, &c.; and attrattedvso much no- 

 tice by his invention of a new arithmetical machine 

 that he was offered a seat, as a pensionary member, 

 in the Academy of Sciences. But his promotion in 

 t ranee would have" required his desertion of the prin. 

 ciples of Protestantism ; and removing to England in 

 1673, he became acquainted with the learned members 

 of the Royal Society, and especially with Mr. Collins, 

 from whom he received some hints of the method of 

 fluxions, which had been invented by Sir Isaac New- 

 ton in 1664. or 1665. Receiving advice of the death 

 of the Elector of Mentz, by which he lost his office 

 and salary, he returned to France, and was soon after, 

 wards appointed by the Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg 

 one of his counsellors, but permitted to remain at Paris 

 in order to complete his arithmetical machine. In 1676 

 he returned to England, and went from thence to Ha- 

 nover, where he experienced the same favour from Ern. 

 est Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg (afterwards Geo. I.) 

 as from his predecessor, and at his request began to com. 

 pile a history of the house of Brunswick. In 1 700, he 

 was admitted a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences 

 at Paris ; and in the same year was appointed perpetual 

 president of the Academy at Berlin, which the elec- 

 tor of Brandenburg (afterwards king of Prussia) had 

 founded by his advice. To this institution he sent nu- 

 merous dissertations on various subjects ; and project, 

 ed an academy of the same kind at Dresden, but which 

 the troubles in Poland prevented from taking effect. 

 About this time he applied himself to the construction 

 of " a universal language," which had already occupied 

 the attention of the learned, and which he proposed to 

 accomplish by employing characters resembling as much 

 as possible those of algebra. His fame spread rapidly 

 over Europe, and attracted the patronage of several 

 crowned heads. In 171 1, he was made aulic counsellor 

 to the emperor, from whom he received a pension of 

 2000 florins, and who promised to double the sum, 

 upon condition of his residing at Vienna. He was cho- 

 sen as a privy counsellor also by the czar of Muscovy, 

 with a pension of 1000 ducats ; and it is said, that he 

 was offered the place of keeper of the Vatican Library 

 at Rome, by Cardinal Casanata. Upon the accession 

 of his patron the elector of Hanover to the throne of 

 Great Britain, Leibnitz again visited England in 1714, 

 where he was treated with great distinction ; and, soon 

 after his arrival, he engaged in a controversy with Dr. 

 Samuel Clarke, on the subjects of free-will, space, &c. 

 which terminated only with his death in 1716, at 70 

 years of age. 



Leibnitz, as to his person, was of a middle stature 

 and spare habit of body; near-sighted, of a studious 

 air, and mild aspect. He was extremely temperate in 

 his mode of living ; taking his meals only when hunger 

 impelled him, and using a plain though strong diet. 

 His temper was naturally hot, but he was able to re- 



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