THE PINE INVESTIGATION. 343 



posed roots. So common were the adults at this point on some 

 trees, mining into the living bark and pushing out masses of 

 turpentine, that the tree was completely girdlded by their 

 galleries. It was naturally concluded that such attacks as this 

 would cause a diseased condition which would attract the other 

 bark beetles and borers, and result in the final death of the tree. 1 



Numerous enemies of the bark beetle and of other wood and 

 bark boring insects were found, but not in sufficient large num- 

 bers to indicate that they could cope with the excessively large 

 number of injurious species. 



Among the enemies of the bark beetle was a black, shining 

 beetle, (Hister cylindricus,) which was common in the mines 

 of Tomicus pini and Tomicus calligraphus, apparently feeding 

 on the egss and adults. A small rove beetle, (Staphylinid,} 

 was also common in the galleries of all of the smaller bark 

 beetles, including Tomicus pini^ evidently feeding on the eggs, 

 while Ips sanguinolentus and Ips vittatus was taken in the 

 mines of Hylurgops glabratus. The American Olerid ( Than- 

 asimus dubius*) was frequently met with, but was not as com- 

 mon here as in other sections. 



Among the round headed borers ( Cerambycids) which were 

 common in the dying trees, and appeared to be capable of min- 

 ing in the living bark, was Arhopalus fulminans. This species 

 was abundant in the larva and pupa stages, in the outer and 

 inner bark and outer sapwood, its pupa cases occurring both in 

 the outer bark and the wood. It had an enemy, however, in 

 T/ianasimus trifasciatus^the larva of which was common in its 

 pupa cases. This Clerid in turn, had an enemy in a parasite 

 (Eupelmus cleri) which prevented its rapid increase. 25 to 30 

 larvae of the parasite were found in the body of a single Clerid 

 larva. 



CONDITIONS IN KANAWHA COUNTY. 

 SCRUB PINE. 



Returning to Charleston, Kanawha county, I procured a 

 horse and buggy, and drove about eight miles above the city, 



1. It was subsequently found that many, in fact I believe all, of these same treeg 

 which were not otherwise injured, did not die and their health was not in the least in, 

 jured, even when broods of the turpentine beetles had developed in the bark. 



