scale is dangerous. If the brush of winter lumbering can not be burned 

 as the logging proceeds, the piles must ordinarily remain unburned till 

 the first snow of the following winter, or till especially wet weather 

 comes in late summer or fall. 



The devices used in different localities for starting fires in piled 

 brush are many. Some loggers use a torch of burning wood, as 

 resinous pine ; others carry live coals from one pile to another ; others 

 use a long-handled torch; others, again, pour a little oil on the brush 

 and start it with a match. The most satisfactory seems to be an ordi- 

 nary tubular torch with wicking and a ferrule into which a rake handle 

 can be inserted. A good substitute, though a crude one, for the last is 

 a piece of bagging or burlap wound around an iron rod or stick of 

 wood and occasionally saturated with oil. 



The cost of burning piled brush in the coniferous forests may vary 

 from one to thirty cents per thousand, according to the manner in which 

 the brush is piled, the condition of the brush, the size of the crew 

 needed to prevent the running of fire, etc. Commonly, it ranges from 

 five to fifteen cents per thousand feet. Where the cost has been higher 

 than this, it has been attributed either to poor work in piling or to 

 inefficient management in the work of burning. The average cost of 

 both piling and burning should range in coniferous forests between ten 

 and fifty cents, and as the lumbermen become more experienced in per- 

 forming the work the cost will be correspondingly reduced. 



In some coniferous forests careful records were kept of the area 

 actually burned over. Where the stand per acre ran from 10,000 to 

 50,000 feet per acre, the aggregate area burned over by the brush fires 

 was found to be approximately seven per cent, of the total area cut over 

 in the logging operations. Where the brush is burned as the logging 

 proceeds, the percentage of the area burned over is less. Reprinted 

 from American Forestry. 



Weights of Materials. 



Weight of a cubic foot of iron is about 460 pounds. 

 Weight of a cubic foot of water is about 62^/2 pounds. 

 Weight of a gallon of water is about 8 pounds. 

 Weight of a gallon of gasoline is about 6 pounds. 



Weights of Timber. 



Weight of one cord of green spruce pulpwood is about 4,500 pounds. 

 Weight of one cord of dry spruce pulpwood is about 3,000 pounds. 

 Weight of one cord of green white-birch is about 6,000 pounds. 

 Weight of one cord of poplar pulpwood is about 3,200 pounds. 

 Weight of 1,000 feet of old growth spruce logs, Maine or Holland log 



rule scale, is about 6,000 pounds. 



The weight of green lumber may be reduced from 30 to 50 per cent, 

 or more in seasoning, while the strength of small clear pieces may in- 

 crease in seasoning up to double the strength when green. 



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