16 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN 



382 (1857); in Mel. Biol. II. 567 (1857). Maximowicz in Mem. Sav. Etr. Acad. 

 Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 263 (Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859); in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. 

 Petersbourg, ser. 3, XXVII. 559 (1881); in Mel. Biol. XI. 349 (1881). 

 Pinus cembra, var. Manchurica Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 271 (1896). 

 Matsumura, Ind. PL Jap. II. pt. 1, 13 (1905). 



In Japan the Korean Nut Pine is native on several mountains in central Hondo, 

 but is very local. Mayr, who first discovered this Pine wild in Japan, found it 

 on the mountains of Kozuke province. I met with it in a wild state on the slopes 

 of Mt. Ontake in Shinano province between 2000 and 2500 m. altitude, scattered 

 in forests mainly composed of Picea jezoensis Can*., Abies Veitchii Lindl., Tsuga 

 diver sifolia Mast, and occasional Birches. The undergrowth is almost impenetra- 

 ble and consists of dwarf Bamboos (Sasa spp.). Further to the northwest in the 

 same province I found it to be fairly common on Tsubakura-dake between 2150 

 and 2600 m. altitude, growing with Pinus parviflora S. & Z. and the other conifers 

 named above. These are the only places where I saw spontaneous trees. Mr. M. 

 Koyama told me that he had collected it on the west slopes of Fuji-san in Kai 

 province and on Yatsuga-dake on the borders of Kai and Shinano provinces. Very 

 probably it grows on other mountains in these parts of Hondo, but elsewhere in 

 Japan it is known only as a planted tree. On the mainland this Pine is distributed 

 from the Amur region southward into Korea and westward into Mandshuria, 

 but its exact geographical range and its abundance north and west are not properly 

 known. Dr. Nakai informed me that in Korea this tree is found where granitic 

 and Archean schistose rocks occur. It is abundant in north-central Korea and is 

 said to be especially so in the adjoining region in Mandshuria and to the north- 

 ward. In the extreme northeast of Korea it is rare, but in the contiguous region 

 in Mandshuria, and particularly in the valley of the Konchung River, it is plenti- 

 ful. In western Korea, where formerly it was common, it has nearly all been 

 felled. In east-central Korea, along the main mountain chain from Kumgan-san 

 down to Sho-Paik-san, this Pine is seldom found wild below 600 m. altitude and 

 its higher limit is about 1200 m. altitude. The southernmost range of the species 

 is the Chiri-san chain, which runs east and west, and there it grows between 1100 

 and 1500 m. above the sea. 



The largest spontaneous trees I saw were from 26 to 30 m. tall and in girth of 

 trunk from 3 to 3.5 m., but these were exceptional, and the average was from 20 

 to 25 m. by 2 to 2.5 m. in height and girth respectively. The branches are rather 

 short and slender, spread horizontally and form a narrow more or less pyramidal 

 crown. The branches are not dense and light shows clearly through the crown; 

 generally the trunk divides in its upper part into two or three ascending stems. 

 The shoots are stout and densely clothed with rufous-brown tomentum. The 

 winter-buds are reddish brown, cylindric-ovoid, acuminate and slightly resinous. 

 The bark is thin and scaly, gray-brown to gray and easily peels off in irregularly 

 shaped flakes and shows red-brown beneath. The leaves are usually in fives, but 

 often only in fours or even in threes in each fascicle, stout, triquetrous and sharply 

 serrulate, from 6 to 10 cm. long, with stomata on the ventral side only and with 

 medial resin-ducts confined to the angles. The cone is normally subterminal, erect 

 and peduncled, solitary or in clusters round the leading shoot. When ripe they 

 are pale nut-brown, from 9 to 14 cm. long, ovoid-cylindrical in shape, resinous and 

 indehiscent, and fall to the ground with the peduncle attached. Squirrels and a 

 bird, a species of Nutcracker, attack the cones as they ripen and devour the seeds. 

 The cone is heavy and the cone-scales as they dry shrink and expose the wing- 



