Quadrat Method in Forestry Investigations 23 



dence in June was more or less seriously frostbitten a factor 

 which, according to later observations, appeared to increase the 

 fatality figures. 



The charted units further showed that practically three- 

 fourths (66.5 per cent and 76.7 per cent, respectively) of the 

 stand mentioned owes its origin to lateral roots, the remainder 

 coming from three other sources. 



Two seasons of charting of the sub-plots have shown that 

 from 63.6 per cent to 87.2 per cent of the sprouts came the first 

 year following depopulation, and from 12.8 per cent to 36.7 pei 

 cent the second year. The fatality of these sprouts ranges from 

 13.37 to 18 per cent in the first season and from 17.2 to 23.87 

 per cent in the second season. \Yhile no exact figures are at pres- 

 ent available as to fatality during definite growing periods, such 

 as during the vernal, estival and autumnal seasons, it is apparent 

 that the main loss comes from winter killing. 



While the observations have not extended over a sufficiently 

 long period to give- results upon which to base conclusions, sub- 

 sequent examinations of the sub-plots will doubtless disclose the 

 complete life history of sprouts with an accuracy which will be 

 of the highest value to management. Information should be at 

 hand showing not only which sprouts have possessed insuffi- 

 cient vitality to withstand the adverse conditions of their early 

 environment and why, but also which have succeeded in the 

 struggle for existence and why. Thus it is seen that the quadrat 

 method provides a means of obtaining data which is applicable 

 to any stand whether young or old, pure or mixed, even or uneven 

 aged regardless as to whether the system of management applies 

 to one of clear cutting or to one of the various methods of thin- 

 ning. Likewise, the method in question is quite as applicable 

 to volumetric and general mensuration studies as to the work 

 specifically pointed out. 



Relation of Grazing to Aspen Management. 



Another problem requiring quite as intelligent an answer as 

 the foregoing, in connection with the judicious management of 

 aspen as well as of other forest types, is the determination of the 

 relation of grazing to the reproduction and permanent establish- 

 ment of important timber species. Vast forest types support 

 range forage of excellent quality, the annual money value of 

 which is high owing to the large number of stock which find 

 ample feed on the adjacent winter range and which could not be 

 utilized without pasturing on the aspen type in the summer. 



