PHARMACAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTURE. 83 



For cattle poisoning, melted lard is much used as a popular remedy. 

 For references to chemistry, etc., see U. S. Disp. 



232. Cicuta bolanderi Wats. Large water hemlock. Umbelliferce. 

 Found only near San Francisco Bay. Requires further study. Poi- 

 sonous. 



233. Cicuta douglasii. Purple-stemmed water hemlock. Umbel- 

 liferce. 



Very poisonous. Western Range, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. 



234. Cicuta maculata L. American water hemlock. Umbelliferce. 

 A very poisonous plant, native of the United States, found in 



swampy lands, having a parsnip-like odor. Possible medicinal uses 

 not investigated. Eastern in range. (Calif. Geol. Surv. Bot. 1 : 260.) 



235. Cicuta occidentals Green. Wyoming water hemlock. Umbel- 

 liferce. 



Poisonous. Used by Indians for suicidal purposes. The root is dug 

 up and eaten. Piutes seem to have suicidal tendencies. Poisonous to 

 cattle. Requires further study. 



23(5. Cicuta vagans Greene. Oregon water hemlock. Umbelliferce. 



\ western plant found in northern California, Idaho, and British 

 Columbia. Poisonous properties like those of Conium. Requires fur- 

 ther study. 



237. Cicuta virosa californica C. and R. California water hemlock. 

 Umbelliferce. 



Near San Francisco Bay. Very poisonous. Requires further study 

 as to identity as well as constituents. Well known in Europe. East- 

 ern range in United States. 



The active principle of the cicutas is not well known. It appears to 

 be a compound, which has been named cicutoxin by R. Boehm. It 

 is a resinous, non-crystallizable body, acid in reaction and very bitter, 

 readily soluble in water. It is not an alkaloid, but a toxin, resembling 

 andromedotoxin. 



238. Cinchona species. Cinchonas. Rubiacece. 



Cinchonas have been grown in the Berkeley gardens, and the alka- 

 loidal constituency thereof examined. It has been suggested that the 

 climate of the mountainous regions of northern California would be 

 well suited for cinchona cultivation, but it is very doubtful whether 

 they would thrive, on account of the low winter temperature. (See 

 paper by Happersberger.) 



The conditions (atmospheric moisture, drainage, temperature, rain- 

 fall) in many localities of southern California, particularly near the 



