Quercns. CUPULIFER^. - 93 



poses, the Butternut (/. cincrca), lioth of the Atlantic States, the English Walnut (./. rcr/ia), a 

 native of Asia but long cultivated throughout temperate Europe, and four or five other less known 

 species. 



1. J. Californica, Watson. ]\Iore or less tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous : 

 leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowing upward from near the base, 

 2 to '2h inches long: aments often in pairs, 4 to 8 inches long, loose: lobes of the 

 perianth in the staminate flowers 1| lines long, acute or obtuse, veined : stamens 30 

 to -iO ; anthers a line long, with the apex of the connective very short and bitid : 

 fruit globose, slightly compressed, f to 1 inch in diameter : nut shallowly sulcate, 

 the walls rather thin, with 2 broad cavities upon each side. — Proc. Am, Acad. x. 

 3-19. J. rupestris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgr. Rep. 171, t. 16. 



A tree or laige shrub, in the vicinity of San Francisco and along the Sacramento (where it is 

 sometimes cultivated) growing to the height of 40 to 60 feet, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter; ranging 

 southward to Santa Barbara, and eastward through Southern Arizona to New Mexico and Sonora, 

 Thurber. 



J. RUPESTRIS, Engelm. Sitgr. I>ep. 171, t. 15, is smaller (6 to 20 feet high), with more numer- 

 ous (6 to 12 pairs) and usually more acuminate leaflets ; aments only 2 inches long, witli smaller 

 perianth, 20 to 30 stamens, shorter anthers and more prominent connective ; nut globose, *'» or 7 

 lines in diameter, with very thick nearly solid walls. Freciuent in Texas and New Mexico ; 

 AValnut Grove, Arizona, Palmer. 



Order XCV. CUPULIPER^. 



Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple pinnately veined leaves, cadu- 

 cous stipules, staminate flowers naked or bracteate, in cylindrical or globose aments, 

 with a lobed or cleft perianth, and the pistillate sessile in a cup-like involucre 

 (1 -5-flowered) covered with bractlike or spinescent appendages, with 6-lobed peri- 

 anth adherent to the 2 - 6-celled and 4- 12-ovuled ovary, which becomes a 1 -celled 

 1-seeded nut seated in or covered by the enlarged involucre. Stamens 4 to 20, 

 with distinct filaments and 2-celled anthers. Styles 2 to 6. Ovules erect or pen- 

 dulous, anatropous, usually all but 1 abortive though persistent. Seed without 

 albumen ; testa double. Embryo straight, with small superior radicle, and fleshy 

 cotyledons. 



A most important order, though including but four genera, extensively distributed especially 

 tlirough northern temperate regions. The Chestnut {Castanca) and Beech (Facjus) occur in North 

 America only in the Atlantic States ; the former also represented in the Old Worhl liy a single 

 s[)ecies, and the latter by a few scattered species in Europe, Japan, South America, New Zealand 

 and Australia. 



1. Quercus. Involucre 1-flowered, scaly and entire, beconung a cup. 



2. Castanopsis. Involucre 1 - 3-llowered, becoming a hard prickly bur. 



1. QUERCUS, Linn. 0.\k. (By Dr. GEOitoK Engelm.vnn.) 

 Staminate flowers in slender aments ; bracts mostly caducous : calyx 4 - 8-partc'd 

 or -lobed : stamens 3 to 10 ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers single or in clusters 

 or sometimes in spikes, consisting of an incompletely 3-celled 6-ovuled ovary, bear- 

 ing three styles or sessile stigmas, and enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which 

 enlarges into an indurated cup (aijmle) around the base of the single rounded or 

 elongated 1-seeded nut or acorn, the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining as rudiments 

 at the base or top of the perfect seed. Cotyledons continuing underground in gonui- 

 nation ; radicle very short and included. — Flowers greenish, developing witli the 



