94 



CUPULIFER.E. 



.Quercus. 



leaves. Very large trees, or sometimes shrubs. — Eiigelmann, Trans. St. Louis 



Acad. iii. 372. 



A large and difficult genus of about 250 species, distributed thioughout the temperate and 

 warm regions of the northern hemisphere, especially abundant in Eastern Asia and in Mexico. Of 

 the 40 species found within the limits of the United States, 25 are limited to the region eastward 

 of the Eocky Mountains. A single species {Q. undalata) is found in Colorado and Utah, ranging 

 also into S. California, all the other Californian forms, excepting Q. obloinjifolia of the southern 

 border, being peculiar to the Western Coast. One other species {Q. Emoriji) belongs to Arizona 

 and New Mexico, but does not enter California. The wood of the genus is mostly hard and 

 durable, and most valuable for its economic u.ses. The bark also, from the amount of tannin 

 which it contains, is extensively used in the manufacture of leather. 



Staminate aments pendulous, below the pistillate flowers : filaments not 

 longer than the anthers : stigmas dilated. 

 Abortive ovules at the base or side of the seed : stamens 6 to 8 : stigmas 

 subsessile: bark light-colored. 

 Acorns glabrous within, maturing the first year. 

 Leaves deciduous : lai'ge trees, with huge acorns. 



Branches slender, glabrous : leaves deeply lobed, 4 inches long or 



less : buds oval, small : nut long-conical. 

 Branchlets thicker, pubescent : leaves larger, rougher : buds 



large, lanceolate, tomentose : nut ovate. 

 Branchlets pubescent : leaves less lobed, 1 or 2 inches long : 

 buds small, oval, slightly pubescent : nut long-oblong. 

 Leaves deciduous, small, deeply lobed : a .shruli with slightly pu- 

 bescent branchlets : buds oval, subpubescent : nut oval. 

 Leaves persistent, coriaceous, small. 



Shrub : leaves broadly oval, 1 inch long, spinoselylobed-dentate : 



cup 3 or 4 lines wide : nut elongated, slender. 

 Shrub or small tree : leaves oblong, ^ to 1 inch long, entire or 



sinuate or spinose-toothed : cup 4 to 10 lines wide : nut oval. 

 Small tree : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or with few 

 blunt teeth : nut oblong. 

 Acorns biennial, pubescent or (in n. 10) tomentose within : leaves 

 persistent, coriaceous. 

 Large ti'ee or shrub : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or 

 sharply-toothed: cup yellow-tomentose, often very thick, hemi- 

 spherical : nut oval, obtuse. 

 Tree : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, crenate-dentate, 



strongly ribbed : nut ovate, in a .shallow cup. 

 Shrub : leaves round-oval, rigid, 1 inch long or less, spinose-den- 

 tate : cup turbinate. 

 Abortive ovules at top of the seed : anthers 4 or 5 : styles long : nuts 

 tomentose within : bark dark : leaf-lobes setaceously nuicro- 

 nate. 

 Acorns annual : leaves subpersistent. 



Large tree or shrub : leaves oblong to orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long, 

 sinuately spinose-dentate : cup turbinate : nut elongated, 

 acute. 

 Acorns biennial. 



Tree or shrub : leaves persistent, strongly i-eticulated, dark green 

 and shining, entire to spinosely sinuate-lobed ; petioles short : 

 cup turbinate, very deep : nut slender, acute. 

 Tree or shrub : leaves deciduous, pinnatifid-lobed ; petioles long : 

 cup hemispherical : nut oblong, obtuse. 

 Aments erect, pistillate at base or wholly staminate : filaments elongated : 

 stigmas linear : fruit biennial : leaves persistent. 



10. 



Q. LOBATA. 



Q. Garryana. 

 Q. Douglasii. 



Q. BUEWEKI. 



Q. UNDULATA. 



Q. DUMOSA. 



Q. OBLOXGIFOLIA. 



Q. CIIRYSOLEPrS. 

 Q. TOMENTELI.A. 



Q. Palmeri. 



§ 1. Staminate aments naked, from last year's buds or from, the lower pari of 

 this yearns shoots, j^tefiduloits ; filaments not lorujer than the anthers; pol- 

 len large C.Olo - .020 lines in diameter) : jjtstillate flowers above tlie 

 staminate aments, from the axils of young leaves; stigmas dilated. — 

 Lepidobalanus, Eudl. 



