Quercus. CUPULIFER^E. 99 



Var. frutescens. A slirub 3 to 10 feet high, with smaller oval entire or spinose- 

 dentate leaves, 1 to 1 1 inches long. 



Common in the valleys and on the lower mountains throughout the State and ascending into the 

 Sierra Nevada; the variety is the "Desert Oak" of the southeastern desert region, ranging 

 northward to Shasta. A magnificent tree, with very dense dark green and shining foliage, some- 

 times 10 to 12 or even 18 feet in circumference (Shasta, Brewer) and 50 or 60 feet high ; hark 

 paler and smoothisli when young, very rough and l)lack in old trees : wood said to be tough and 

 durable. The leaves persist 14 or 15 montlis, longer than in the last, but rarely until maturity 

 of the fi'uit. Winter-buds oval, a line or two long, brown and shining and slightly ciliate. Cujis 

 very vaiiable in size, often deeper than in any otlier N. American oak. This species has been 

 confounded with Q. agrifolia, but is readily distinguished by its biennial fruit, the strongly retic- 

 ulated shining leaves, etc. Some forms closel}' ajtproach the next species, which, however, has 

 broader more deeply lobed and deciduous leaves and obtuse acorns. 



-i-r -i-+ Leaves deciduous. 



13. Q. Kelloggii, Newberry. A middle-sized tree, with rough black bark; 

 branchlets soon glabrate : leaves thick, broadly oval, pinnatitid-lobed (like those of 

 Q. coccmea), 3 to 4^ or rarely 6 inches long, the lobes tapering and entire or broad 

 and lobe-dentate, at hrst tomentose or nearly glabrous, at length glabrate ; petioles 

 slender, 8 to 15 lines long : aments stellate-pubescent or smoothisli : calyx with 5 

 broad ciliate lobes, bearing 4 or 5 anthers : acorns mostly on peduncles i to an inch 

 long, often several together; cups hemispherical, often very deep (6 to 8 lines wide 

 by 8 to 12 lines deep), with ovate-lanceolate obtusish imbricate scales ; nuts oblong, 

 obtuse, 12 to IG lines long, by 10 to 12 wide. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 28, f. 6. Q. 

 rubra, Benth. PI. Hartw. 337. Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 

 iv. 138. Q. So7iomensis, Benth.; A. DC. Prodr. xvil 62. 



Common in the Coast Ranges throughout the State, and also higher up on the western side of 

 the Sierra Nevada, where it often is reduced to a shrub. The rei>resentative of the eastern Black 

 Oaks, and distinguished from them chiefly by the form of the cup and luit. The species is now 

 generally known'as Q. Sononiensis, but Dr. Newberry's name, honoring the indefatigable botani- 

 cal pioneer of California, has a priority of seven years. 



§ 2. Aments erect, pistillate at base and stamlnate above or entirehj stanilnate : 

 slender Jilainents many times longer than the verij small anthers: pollen 

 only half as large: stigmas linear: fruit biennial, leaves persistent. — 

 Androgyne, A. DC. 



14. Q. densiflora, Hook. & Arn. A middle-sized tree or shrub, with mostly 

 smoothisli l)ark and tomentose branchlets : leaves oblong, acute, obtuse or rarely 

 acute at base, entire with revolute margins or sometimes dentate, tomentose espe- 

 cially beneath, at last glabrate and whitish, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long by i to 2 inches 

 wide ; petioles 3 to 6 lines long : aments 4 to 6 inches long, tomentose ; flowers in 

 glomerules of 3, supported by 3 bracts ; calyx of 5 broad woolly lobes : anthers 10 : 

 acorns solitary or in short-peduncled clusters ; cups very shallow, f to 1 ^ inches 

 wide, covered with long-linear rigid rough spreading or recurved scales, silky-tomen- 

 tose inside; nut oval or oblong, acute or obtuse, 1 to li inches long, Avitli a very 

 thick shell, densely tomentose within. — Bot. Beechey, 391 ; Hook. Icon. t. 380; 

 Nutt. Sylva, i. 11, t. 5. Q. echinacea, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 137, t. 19. 



From the Santa Lucia Mountains (Palmer) through the Coast Ranges and especially the Red- 

 woods to the Shasta region. A pretty large tree, 50 to 60 or rarely 80 feet liigh (Santa ( 'ruz 

 Mountains, Brewer), and a foot or two in diameter; often a mere shrub, 5 to 7 feet high : baik 

 light, giay, rough only in the oldest trees. Acorns bitter. Leaves in some forms smaller, thicker, 

 .strongly ribbed and more freciuently serrate ; in others larger, thinner, and without conspicuous 

 ribs, intermediate between Oak an'd Chestnut, and api>roaching some E. Asiatic forms. 



2. CASTANOPSIS, Spach. Western Chinquapin. 

 Staminate flowers in slender axillary and panicled aments upon the 3'oung shoots, 

 with regularly 5 - Globed perianth and usually twice as many stamens. Pistillate 



