126 CONIFERS. Pinus. 



seeds dark brown, 4 lines long; wing 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle : 

 cotyledons 6 to 9. — Loud. Arbor, iv. 2243 ; :N'ewberry, 1. c. 36, t. 4 ; Parlat. 1. c. 

 395; Engelm. Wheeler's Ee]). vi. 261. P. JJenthamiana, Hartw. Journ. Hort. Soc, 

 ii. 189. P. JiearJslei/i and Craigana, ISliirr. Edinb. ]S'ew Phil. Journ. i. 286. 



Var. JefBreyi. A tree 100 to 200 feet high, Avith a more rounded top, more 

 finely olet't and darker bark, and paler leaves 4 to 9 inches long : male flowers 1^ 

 inches long: cones larger, 5 to 12 inches long, lighter brown, on short peduncles, 

 fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward : 

 seeds 4 to 7 lines long ; wings 12 or 13 lines long : cotyledons 7 to 11. — P Jeffrei/i 

 Murr. 1. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. 1. c. 393. ' ' 



Var. scopulorum. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches 

 long, often m pairs : male flowers ^n inch long : cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) 

 inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles : seeds 21 to 3i lines long, the wings 

 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9. — P. ponderosa of the'PtOcky Mountain floras. 



The widest siiread western ])iiie ; the original form in California and Oregon, at low and \\w\\ 

 altitudes and even in the plains, often associated with F. Lambertiana and Abies conco/or ; the 

 var. Jefreiji usually on mountains above 5,000 feet altitude, esiiecially on the eastern slope of the 

 Sien-a Nevada, where it is apt to grow in the most aiid localities, ranging into Oregon. The 

 thu-d form is found throughout the Eocky Mountains. A magnificent tree, known throughout 

 the west as the "Yellow Pine," and vying with the Sugar Pine and Sequoias, with very thick 

 bark (in large trees 3 or 4 inches thick) and unusually thick sap-wood, which shows lOO'to 200 

 annual rings before it becomes heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy and very resinous. The 

 var. Jeffrciji has often been considered distinct, but connecting forms are not rare ; one of these 

 is P. drflexa, Torr. Rot. Mex. Bound. 209, t. 56. The rows of stomata are often, but by no 

 means always, more distant in var. Jcffrcyi than in the typical form. The leaves persist about 

 three years and are therefore always found brush-like at the end of the branchlets, except in 

 young shoots. The i)arenchymatous ducts (2 or 3 or more) of all the forms are generally very 

 small, and are always surrounded with some (often many) strengthening cells, \vhich are also 

 found within the sheath. P. Jcffrcyi is one of several .'species (P. Balfourhma, P. Murrayrma 

 Abies PatfMiiana, etc.) which were collected by Mr. Jeffrey, and described by Prof. Balfour 

 anonymously (with figures by Greville) in what is sometimes cited as the " Eeport of the Orec^on 

 Contnuttee." The authority for the specific names is given variously by difTerent authors : for- 

 tunately most of them may be referred to other species. 



•H- -H- ++ Leaves in jxiirs. 



9. P. contorta, Dnugl. A low tree, 5 to 1.5 or rarely 20 to 2.5 feet high and 

 6 inches in diameter, with a rounded or depressed top and thin smoothish° bark : 

 leaves 1 to U inches long by half a line wide, strongly and closely serrulate; bracts 

 scarcely fringed : male flowers cylindrical, h inch long, in a spike 1 or 2 inches in 

 length ; the outer ])air of the 6 involucral bracts nearly as long as the inner ones ; 

 anthers with semicircular crests : cones clustered, oval or subcylindric, very oblique' 

 with strong knobs and delicate prickles, or rarely almost without knobs, very often 

 serotinous (remaining closed for several or many years) : seeds black, grooved, 2 

 lines long ; Avings 6 lines long, widest above the base, tapering upward : cotyledons 

 5, rarely 4. — Loud. Arbor, ii. 2292, and Encyc. 975, fig. 915. P. inops, Bong. 

 Veg. Sitch. 45 ; Honk. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 161. P. Bolanderi, Parlat. 1. c. 379. 



Var. Murrayana. Much taller and straighter, 80 to 120 feet high and 4 to 6 

 feet in diameter, with a conical head and thin scaly light grayish-brown bark : 

 leaves 1 to 3 (mostly about 2) inches long, f to 1 line witle, light green, delicately 

 serrulate ; sheaths 4 to 6 lines long, or old ones 1 to 1 1 : male flowers with 6 to 8 

 involucral bracts : cones very rarely lateral, less oblique", often opening at maturity 

 and deciduous: wings of seeds longer. — 7^. contorta, JN'ewberry, 1. c." 34, t. 5, and 

 of the Californian botanists; Parlat. 1. c. 381, in part. P. inops, Benth. PI. Hartw. 

 337. P. Murrayana, Murr. 1. e. 226. P. contorta, var. latifolia, Engelm. in Bot. 

 King Exp. 331, Porter's Fl. Colorado, 129, and Wheeler's* Rep. vi. 262. 



The original Douglasian P. contorta, which came from the mouth of the Columbia River, is a 

 small narrow-leaved tree of the wet sandy coast of the Pacific from Mendocino to Alaska, a dis- 

 tance o\ perhaps 1,500 miles. Its narrow leaves, persistent and long-closed vei'y oblique cones 

 wliich cover the tree so that sometimes scarcely any foliage remains visible, welf characterize it' 



