252 CULTURE OF FARM CROPS. 



sure this, the labourers must be well looked after, for 

 shocking work is as often done in the field as it is in other 

 places. Garrett's horse hoe is a useful implement, but it 

 should be used before the weeds get so strong and long as 

 to become entangled in and among the hoes. One au- 

 thority states that 8 to 10 acres per day may be ploughed 

 easily by this machine, but when the ground becomes hard 

 and very weedy, its use should not be attempted. The 

 common iron plough, with its mould-board taken off, will 

 be found a very useful implement for hoeing between the 

 rows ; doing one row at a time is perhaps the easiest way 

 in soils very stiff and apt to become cloddy and hard on 

 the surface. Mr. Vallentine gives the statement of ex- 

 pense of cultivating the bean crop on his system, which it 

 is well to give here. 



One ploughing in Autumn, (cost per acre) . 0100 



One drilling in Spring, 



Three harrowings, 



One rolling, if necessary, ". 006 



One harrowing after the plants are above ground, 



Sometimes two harrowings, . 006 



One horse-hoeing, say on an average of seasons, by the 



common hoe or plough, three acres per day, per acre, 018 

 Two hand-hoeings, just beside the rows, 050 



One more horse -hoeing, if necessary, 018 



Total cost of cultivation per acre, . 144 



46. Mr. Vallentine states, that by this system of culti- 

 vation the land has always been kept clean, and that the 

 crop has always been better with much hoeing than with 

 little. By the still not uncommon mode of culture of the 

 bean crop, the following is the expense per acre : 



One ploughing in winter, .... 



One ditto in Spring, . 



One scarifying, 



Four harrowings, 



Two hand-hoeings, say only , , 076 



1 13 

 Cost of cultivation by judicious management, 144 



In favour of modern system, . . 088 



