92 Tenures in the North- West Provinces. 



cases, appeal from the order of the Collector of a 

 District, or an Assistant Collector of the first class, 

 lies to the Commissioner of a Division, whilst, in that 

 from an Assistant Collector of the second class, the 

 decision of the Collector is final. 



3. Nature of tenures and rights of tenants. In 

 the North-West Provinces the words " tenant " and 

 " tenure " have a wide and many-sided significance. 

 It might casually be presumed to mean, respectively, 

 the ryot, or - cultivator, and the holding of lands for 

 which he pays rent ; but this assumption would be 

 wrong, and would in no way embrace all the construc- 

 tions put upon the term by the Rent Act (XII 

 of 1881). By the provisions of this Act, the word 

 " tenant, " not only includes the cultivators who in- 

 habit the villages and cultivate the lands pertaining 

 to them, but the kadars, ' sub-lessees, ' and katkana- 

 dars: ' sub-sub-lessees ' come also within the meaning 

 of the term. With these latter, however, we have 

 little to do in this chapter. 



Tenancy divides itself into four great heads, viz. : 



(a) Occupancy tenants. 



(b) Non-occupancy tenants. 



(c) Tenants at fixed rates. 



(d) Ex-proprietary tenants. 



In order to render clear the several natures of the 

 above holdings or tenures, we must briefly refer to the 



