88 MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION 



while before it had seemed useless to build with 

 the view of permanence ; now, however, grand 

 structures, upon a gigantic scale, began to loom 

 up. 



The neglected fields were tilled, the ordinary 

 channels of industry were again resorted to, the 

 laws against criminals were enforced, and society 

 became more secure. 



One note that was struck began to vibrate 

 throughout the whole Christian world, — the cru- 

 sades for the recovery of the Holy City. No one 

 knew at first what wondrous changes the cry, 

 "Jerusalem must be recovered 1" would produce ; 

 how it would set in motion the turbid waters, how 

 indeed the whole destiny of the world would be 

 eventually changed. But we will learn more of 

 the crusades further on in this history. 



We are brought now up to the time of the 

 division of the Church into its Eastern and Western 

 parts. There were many causes that brought it 

 about. It was not the work of one day or one 

 century. The building of Constantinople, the 

 arrogance of the Roman Popes, the insertion of an 

 article in the Nicene Creed by the Western Church 

 without the authority of a general council ; the 

 many controversies and excommunications, first of 

 one, and then of another — these led finally to the 

 great division, the date of which is a. d. 1054. 

 Some communion between the two branches 



