IN CHURCH HISTORY. II3 



predestination and free will. The latter point, 

 finally, after many years of discussion, took the 

 name of Jansenism, after the Bishop of Ipres, 

 named Jansenius. His date is about a. d. 1640. 

 The views he held are about like such as are usu- 

 ally called Calvinistic, involving a belief in the 

 foreordination of some to life, and of others to 

 damnation, and denying man's freedom of will in 

 turning from sin to righteousness. The great 

 opponents of the Jansenists were the Jesuits, and 

 for many years the war of words went on between 

 them. Sometimes, however, the hand of the eccle- 

 siastical and civil powers was laid heavily upon 

 the Jansenists. The popes issued their bulls against 

 them, and sometimes sought to turn the bishops 

 who favored them from their offices, but it was all 

 of no avail. They lived on and defied the power 

 of Rome for many years. 



The controversies respecting the Pope's supremacy 

 and the amount of submission due to him, have 

 been going on for many years in the Roman 

 Church, and the contesting parties have arrayed 

 themselves upon opposite sides. Those who have 

 taught openly and without reservation the duty of 

 absolute submission to the Pope in all things, both 

 temporal and spiritual, have become known 

 as Ultramontanists. Their opponents have been 

 mainly German and French Romanists, although 

 opposition to ultra-montanism has been found 



