DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. 135 



artery is avoided by inserting the instrument as near as possible to 

 the anterior edge of the rib. If the operation is of benefit, it is only 

 so when performed before the strength is lowered beyond recovery. 

 The operation merely receives a passing notice here, as it is not pre- 

 sumed that the nonprofessional will attempt it, although it is attended 

 with little danger or difficulty in the hands of the expert. 



There have been described here bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy 

 mainly as they occur as independent diseases, but it should be remem- 

 bered that they merge into each other and may occur together at one 

 time. While it is true that much more might have been said in regard 

 to the different stages and types of the affections, and also in regard 

 to the treatment of each stage and each particular type, the plan 

 adopted of advising plain, conservative treatment is considered the 

 wisest on account of simplifying as much as possible a subject of 

 which the reader is supposed to know very little. 



PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 



This is the state in which an animal is affected with pleurisy and 

 pneumonia combined, which is not infrequently the case. At the 

 beginning of the attack only one of the affections may be present, but 

 the other soon follows. It has already been stated that the pleura is 

 closely adherent to the lung. The pleura on this account is frequently 

 more or less affected by the spreading of the inflammation from the 

 lung tissue. There is a combination of the symptoms of both diseases, 

 but to the ordinary observer the symptoms of pleurisy are the most 

 obvious. The course of treatment to be pursued differs in no manner 

 from that given for the affections when they occur independently. 

 The symptoms will be your guide as to the advisability of giving oil 

 and laudanum for the pain if the pleurisy is very severe. Do not 

 resort to it unless it is necessary to allay the pain. 



BRONCHO-PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 



This is the term or terms applied when bronchitis, pleurisy, and 

 pneumonia all exist at once. It is impossible for one who is not an 

 expert to diagnose the state with certainty. The apparent symptoms 

 are the same as when the animal is affected with pleuro-pneumonia. 



SUPPURATION AND ABSCESS IN THE LUNG. 



There are instances, and especially when the surroundings of the 

 patient have been bad or the disease is of an especially severe type, 

 when pneumonia terminates in an abscess in the lung. Sometimes, 

 when the inflammation has been extreme, suppuration in a large por- 

 tion of the lung takes place. Impure air, the result of improper ven- 

 tilation, is among the most frequent causes of this termination. The 



