other harrows. The arrangement double-disks a 35-foot strip 

 in one operation. The Woodmansee & Webster farm in its 

 virgin state contained a tough sod of buffalo grass which, when 

 plowed, was very difficult to pulverize. They go over their 

 land shortly after plowing, with their disk harrow arrange- 

 ment. This double-disks the land once. They then repeat the 

 operation with the addition of a large wooden smoother which 

 is attached so as to follow the disk harrows. This double 

 working amounts to four diskings and one smoothing, and it 

 results in a practically ideal seed bed for winter wheat. The 

 disks completely pulverize the sod, firm it to the desired 

 degree and incorporate it with the underlying soil. The com- 

 bination of the disks and smoother leaves the soil in a very 

 smooth condition at the surface as well as underneath. This 

 makes their fields easy on all their planting and harvesting 

 machinery. For all work similar to that just described, we 

 know of no other implement in this state which will begin to 

 give the satisfaction that is given by the disk harrow. 



A large part of the soils of Idaho, particularly those of the 

 great Snake River Valley, are deficient in humus. This condi- 

 tion makes the soils very susceptible to crusting. After a 

 heavy rain and in the early spring, soils which were plowed the 

 preceding season are found to be very heavily crusted. In a 

 large number of cases this crust cannot be satisfactorily and 

 uniformly broken up by an ordinary spike-toothed harrow. It 

 is too expensive to use a plow for breaking the crust, even if 

 this practice were desirable. Here again the disk harrow is 

 pre-eminent as an efficient implement. By getting onto a field 

 with a. disk harrow as early in the spring or as soon after a 

 heavy ram as the soil can be worked without danger of pud- 

 dling, the crust formed can be completely broken up and left 

 in a very desirable condition. It is best in a case of this kind 

 to double-disk rather than single-disk, and it is frequently 

 desirable to follow the disk harrow with a spike-toothed harrow. 

 This, however, is not always necessary. Frequently, where 

 only the spike-toothed harrow is used for breaking the crust, 



