796 
CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER V.—OPTICS. 
§ 1. Toomas Youno.—The Undulatory Theory of Light. 
—Its History from the time of Hooke and Huygens— 
The Law of Interference.—Its application to Diffrac- 
tion—to the Rainbow—and to other subjects.—The 
Theory of Polarization referred to another section...page 893 
§ 2. MaLus.—Discovery of the Polarization of Light by 
Reflection.—Early History of Double Refraction and 
Polavisaow givwe iccssnssccsasgsstaierserveonse recuse page 901 
§ 3. Fresnet.—The Undulatory Theory of Light con- 
tinued.—Diffraction.— Transverse Vibrations; Young. 
—Polarization and Double Refraction explained.— 
Lighthouse Illumination... ereeeveses page 
§ 4. AnaGo.—Short Account of fis ‘Scientific Cree Ho 
discovers the Colours of Polarized Light—Laws and 
Theory of Depolarization; M. Biot; Young; Fres- 
nel.—Non-interference of oppositely Polarized Rays— 
Rotatory Action of Quartz.—M. Foucault’s Experi- 
ment on the Velocity of Light.....0+++2+0++ Sava tagen page 907 
903 
§ 5. Sim Davip BrREwsTER—Progress of Experimental 
Optics—Laws of Polarization— Double Refraction pro- 
duced by Heat and Compression— Discovery of Biaxal 
Crystals—Laws of Metallic Reflection—Absorption of 
Light; and Lines of the Solar Spectrum; FRAUN- 
HOFER.—Seebeck ; M. BIOT..........-.0.-00s+008 page 911 
Mr Arry, Sir Wirti1aM R. HAMILTON, and Profes- 
sors LLOYD and MaccuLLaAGH.—Confirmation of 
Fresnel’s Theory—Investigation of the Wave Surface 
completed ; Conical Refraction —M, Caucny—Me- 
chanical Theory of Elastic Media, and of Ordinary and 
Metallic Reflection ; M. Jamin.—Theory of Dispersion ; 
Professor Powell....... ease seer seeenseessdsseesseseese page O17 
§ 7. RivtRR.— Chemical Rays of the Spectrum,.—NIEPCE; 
DAGUERRE ; Mr TaLBot. Art of Heliography or 
Photography — Daguerreotype —Calotype.— Professor 
Strokes. Chemical Rays rendered visible—Fluores- 
CONCE 5022000 veh sale eWedtvep aves et sossesecssceeesoneerseespage 921 
§ 6. 
CHAPTER VI.—HEAT, INCLUDING SOME TOPICS OF CHEMICAL PHILOSOPHY. 
§ 1. Buack.— Latent and Specific Heat.—Irvine.—Hut- 
ton.— Doctrines of Heat applied to some Natural Phe- 
WOMEN. 20s oreccessenctecssaesccercesdacnossevbsegcns sree page 925 
§ 2. CavENDISH.—His Singular Character and Attain- 
ments—Eminent Chemical Di tes —Observati 
on Heat and on other Branches of Physics.—Lavot- 
sten—The Calorimeter—Theory of Combustion and of 
Ozxidation...... ed ovoonnsnoeensedeb ests woebeys «page 928 
§ 3. Datron.—Theory of pias and Papeues Sail of 
Expansion by Heat—Atomic Theory of Chemistry.— 
Gay me Sap eages CWB EA vuuNNG ENT Atos Bese ass eens page 933 
§ 4. RumronD.—. ical applications of Heat—Point 
of Maximum hee of Water ; Hope.—Friction as a 
source of Heat. Theory that Heat is convertible into 
Mechanical Energy ; Mr Joule......... er oneevece ress page 940 
§ 5. Sir Jonn Lesiie.—Estatlishment of certain Laws 
of Radiant Heat.—Pictet.—Prevost.........-+++ -page 942 
§ 6. Four1tER.—Mathematical Theory of the Conduction 
of Heat—Lambert; Poisson.—Temperature of the 
Earth and of Space....crccsccceesseecserersees Si page 946 
§ 7. DuLone.—The Law of eelbig = Frege of the Sci- 
ence of Radiant Heat between Leslie’s and Melloni’s 
Di: ies ; tra of Radiant Heat through 
Glass. Herschel; De la Roche ; Professor Powell. 
— Theory of Dew ; 7 RS 952 
§ 8. MELLONI.—Mecent History of Radiant Heat— 
Transmission and Refraction of Heat; Properties of 
Heat log to Col: Experiments in Great 
Britain on the Polarization and Double Refraction of 
FEAL ..00ssccenssenvesese: Sodessevsenss pssssenmeea seseeeepage 955 
§ 9. M. REGNAULT. — Sane. Laws of Expansion by 
Heat ; Rudberg.—Vaporization ; Dulong.—Latent 
Heat ; Hygrometry.........csseeeeev eee ssaseeyeessee page 957 
CHAPTER VII.—ELECTRICITY—MAGNETISM—ELECTRO-MAGNETISM. 
§ 1. GALVANtI.— Discovery of Galvanism ; Proper Animal 
Electricity.— The subject revived by Nobili.—MM. Mat- 
teucci and Du Bois-Reymond ....,.. +++--page 958 
§ 2. VoLTA.—Progress of Discovery in Common and At- 
mospheric LElectricity—The Electro-motive Theory— 
Voltaic Pile—Chemical Analogies and Decomposition 
Fabbroni ; Nicholson and Carlisle ...............page 
§ 3. Sin Humpnny Davy. Progress of Voltaic Llectri- 
city—Electro-Chemistry ; Berzelius—Davy’s Inven- 
tion of the Safety-Lamp.—W OLLASTON ; his Electri- 
cal and other Observations. Contrast of his Charac- 
ter with that of Davy 
§ 4. Ornstep.—AmPi:RE.—Discovery of Electro-Magnet- 
ism —Electro-Dynamic Theory—Discovery of Thermo- 
Electricity; SeEBECK. The Galvanometer of Schweig- 
ger and Nobili......... Ncabecestbenkisek soonspoeasin +-.-page 973 
§ 5. Dr Fanapay.—Progress of the Theory of Electro-Che- 
961 
mical Decomposition — Volta-Electric Induction — 
Magneto-Electricity— Diamagnetism— Optical Changes 
induced by Magnetism.—Professor Pliicker—Magne- 
Optic ACHON ...050.c050s2080s sevevesssserstpavncenseas een? 
OumM—DANIELL—Mr WHEATSTONE—M. JACOBI. 
—Laws of Electrical Conduction ;—Constant Battery ; 
—Applications of Electricity to Telegraphs— Clocks— 
Motiva Engines—the Electrotype.....sesse00 se+ee-- page 982 
CAVENDISH—COULOMB.— On the Distribution of Sta- 
tical Electricity, and on the Mathematical Theory of 
the same,—Po1sson.— Mathematical Theory of Stati- 
cal Electricity and of Magnetism generalized, Green; 
Professor William Thomson..........++-s02-++++++.-page 987 
§ 8. Professor HanstEEN—Baron A. VON HuMBOLDT— 
Gauss—Major-General Sab1nE—Captain Sir J, C, 
Ross.—Progress of our Knowledge of Terrestrial Mag- 
notism in the Present Century........-seeseeseereeeepage 990 
§ 6. 
§ 7. 
