ENDOGENS. r/j 



or under the ovary. Sometimes they are attached to 

 the calyx, but free from the ovary, and are called 

 perigynous, or around the ovary. In other cases the 

 stamens appear above the ovary, and are epigynous, or 

 upon the ovary. In such instances the calyx is also 

 epigynous. The grains of pollen when discharged 

 from the anther are applied to the stigma, and in a 

 short time send forth tube-like prolongations to the 

 ovule in the ovary, by which means the embryo plant 

 is formed. Many curious and beautiful arrangements 

 are made to ensure the proper application of pollen 

 to the upper part of the pistil. In some flowers the 

 stamens have elastic filaments which are at first bent 

 down and held by the calyx, but when the pollen is 

 ripe the filaments jerk out and scatter the powder on 

 the pistil. The agency of winds and of insects is 

 made use of in some cases. In the hazel, where the 

 pollen is in one set of flowers, the leaves might inter- 

 fere with the application of pollen, hence they are 

 not produced until it has been scattered. 



11. The term fruit is applied, in botanical lan- 

 guage, to the mature perfect pistil, whether dry or 

 succulent. Fruits are formed in different ways. 

 Some, as the pea and bean, consist solely of the 

 slightly altered pistil ; others, as the grape, peach, and 

 plum, have the pistil so changed as to be succulent. 

 The gooseberry, currant, apple, and pear are formed 

 by both pistil and calyx, a portion of the latter 



