RURAL POPULATION 



19 



example), city increase has been very marked compared 

 with rural increase. 



12. There are three kinds of forces that affect the decrease of 

 rural population : 



a. The first kind has to do with the invention of new 

 machinery. We are living in what has been called "a 

 machine age." Machine labor is substituted for hand 

 labor whenever the change can be made profitably. 



MAKING BROOMS ON THE FARM. 



In 1815 (one hundred years ago) Pennsylvania was al- 

 ready a leading manufacturing state ; but its manufactures 

 were still turned out, for the most part, on the farm. In 

 that year, Pennsylvania manufactured only about one 

 million yards of woolen cloth, and more than fifteen six- 

 teenths of this was manufactured in family homes, by 

 hand labor upon spinning wheel, loom and shuttle. These 

 very simple machines were then in use in every farmhouse. 

 Only one sixteenth of the woolen cloth was manufactured 

 in city factories, by large machinery. That was the " Age 



