CLOSED DRAINAGE 107 



ing and shoveling out a deep gutter, as for a surface ditch, 

 and then partly filling it with large stones, which are 

 afterward covered with earth and soil. The water from 

 the soil at the sides drains into this stony space readily, 

 and escapes at the bottom or along the slope. 



Where stone is at hand, this kind of drain costs only a 

 little more than the open drain. In time, however, fine 

 particles of earth and soil will work down between the 



DITCHING MACHINE. 

 This saves time, labor, and expense. 



stones and interfere with the further passage of water. 

 The stone-filled drain is not so lasting as some other kinds 

 of closed drains. Hollow tiling makes a better filling for 

 the drain than stone, and it is now used extensively. 



These tiles, made of concrete, are made in sections only 

 two feet or three feet long, and with different diameters. 

 A large main ditch may call for a twelve-inch tiling, if 

 much water is to be carried ; but the lateral drains will 

 use smaller tiling. 



