PHYTOLOGY. 305 



from its size, its quantity of contained sap, or special 

 chemical ingredients. A root that is rich in sap, and 

 much denser than the stalk, is called a turnip. These 

 plants are thus turnip-plants. 



1661. Among the Monopetalae, however, there are 

 napiform roots only in the Epigynes, namely, the Syn- 

 genesia or salad-plants, and among some Perigynes, 

 namely, the Campanuleae, as well as the Cucurbitaceae. 

 The Syngenesia are consequently the radical plants. The 

 roots of the Scorzonerse, Pastinacese, Cichoracese, and 

 Tussilago or coltsfoot, &c., belong to this class. 



1662. That the Scabiosae and Valerianeae are directly 

 related to the Syngenesia is likewise indicated by their 

 roots. Unto these succeed in point of structure the Cam- 

 panulacese and the Cucurbitacese, which have frequently, 

 too, napiform or turnip-shaped roots. 



1663. The number of the Syngenesia is so great that 

 they fill up all the orders of the trunk. In accordance 

 with their whole structure they are obviously the lowest, 

 the .stalk being for the most part herbaceous and placed 

 within a circle of radical leaves, but being itself provided 

 with few, imperfect, and scarcely ever pinnate leaves ; 

 they have moreover numerous stunted blossoms that are 

 connate with the single or solitary seed, and crowded 

 together, like spadices, grass-spikes, or the fungal pilei, 

 upon a carpoclinium or receptacle. 



1664. They are a repetition of the fungi and grasses ; 

 of the former in their fleshy root and inflorescence, of the 

 latter likewise in the inflorescence and in the spathoidal 

 root-leaves ; above all, in the single large seed, confluent 

 with the ovarium and calyx. The principle of their divi- 

 sion must, where it is possible, and for obvious reasons, 

 be drawn from the organs of the trunk. 



1665. First order. Radicari(B parenchymatostB. Syn- 

 genesia, having radical leaves and uniform florets, tubu- 

 lar or wholly stunted ligular florets Cichoracea and 

 Thistles. 



1666. Second order. R. vaginata. Syngenesia, with 

 opposite leaves and different kinds of florets, such as 



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