ZOOGENY. 349 



sistent in animals, which express only the vegetable type 

 of organization. If other significations be introduced, 

 so also will this vascular system be otherwise evolved. 



1956. The unclosed vascular system will be present 

 along with an energetic antagonism between skin and 

 intestine ; with an antagonism that is almost suppressed, 

 there will be none. There are then only cells, or there 

 is only point-substance, as in the Infusoria, polyps, and 

 Acalephae or sea-nettles. 



1957. The dermal vessels exist only in the air- 

 insects, because in them nothing but air and water are 

 engaged in conflict. Externally there is desiccated horn, 

 internally mucous water. 



1958. A perfectly unclosed vascular system appears to 

 be developed only in animals which respire air. At 

 least there are only genuine air-tubes and lymphatic 

 vessels in such as breathe air ; e. g., in the Mammalia, 

 birds, reptiles and fishes, the latter set of vessels being 

 probably not present in insects. 



1959. Through the predominance of the air-process, 

 as in insects, the mucus that is conveyed to it becomes 

 so rapidly decomposed, that no more remains behind, 

 for which a new vessel would be necessary. 



1960. The galvanic process is at every instant annulled, 

 and only renovated by a new afflux or supply. Here 

 the galvanism does not subsist in itself as a peculiar 

 and independent system. 



b. Closed Vascular System. 



1961. The unclosed vascular system is not yet self- 

 substantial, because it is a caecal e version of the intestine 

 or inversion of the skin, being itself only a ramified 

 intestine and skin. Every system, however, attains 

 its perfection, by being rendered independent of its 

 origin. Thus the leaf is the spiral vessel that has 

 become free, the root the cellular tissue in a like con- 

 dition, the blossom the liberated vegetable trunk. The 

 vascular system will therefore aspire also to the achieve- 

 ment of its blossom. 



