598 



BIOLOGY. 



veins, provided likewise with joints like the legs, so that 

 they can be folded up under the anterior pair or elytra 

 Ceratoptera, as the Beetles. 



Pupa state perfect. 



Strictly speaking, it is a matter of indifference whether 

 the names of orders and families be adopted from the 

 first or second parallel series ; whether e. g. we speak in 

 the first cohort of Protozooid or Worm-flies. The 

 nearest series will, however, bear the greater amount of 

 resemblance to them. Meanwhile I will in the sequel 

 vary in the choice of names, in order to exhibit different 

 samples of this double parallelism. 



COHORT I. WORM-FLIES TRACHEOPTERA. 



3518. Wings membranous with few longitudinal 

 ducts, and almost devoid of transverse ducts, eyes larger 

 than head. Here belong the Flies, Bees, and Butterflies. 

 The abdomen is indeed annulate, but soft ; its first ring 

 is frequently set free and unites with the thorax, but sup- 

 ports neither feet nor wings. 



The sexual parts always lie at the anal extremity. 



The head is almost nothing but eye, and the Insects of 

 this order may very well be termed Megalopidae, or large- 

 eyed, out of contrast to the succeeding ones. Between 

 the two large compound eyes there are usually found 

 three simple ocular puncta or ocelli, which they have 

 adopted from the preceding class. 



The larvae are either entirely apodal, white and soft 

 like Entozoa, or they have, in addition to the thoracic 

 feet, numerous abdominal feet like the higher Worms. 



The Flies with their soft and imperfect body, and 

 the apodal larvae, repeat the Infusoria and Entozoa; tlir 

 Bees therefore the Polyps and Red-blooded Worms ; the 

 Butterflies with their large farinose or dusty wings and 

 polypodal caterpillars, the Acalephae and Holothuriae. 



Order 1. Entowoid Flies Diptern. 

 3519. All the thoracic rings coalesced, and along with 

 them the first or basi-abdominal ring, unto which are 



