602 BIOLOGY. 



Alliance 1. Ilohlenwespen Formicidse. 



2. Fossorial Wasps Sphegidae. 



3. Cell-Wasps Vespidae. 



Fam. 3. Lepidopteroid Hymenoptera, Terebrantia. 



Instead of the sting there is an ovipositor, with which 

 the females stick their eggs into other insects, mostly 

 into caterpillars, or else into leaves and wood Ichneu- 

 monidae, Tenthredinidae, and Uroceridae. The larvae of 

 the first are apodal, those of the second provided with 

 thoracic and abdominal feet like caterpillars, those of the 

 third with thoracic feet only like the larvae of Coleoptera. 



Alliance 1. Stutzwespen. Ovipositor short; wings 

 nearly veinless. Deposit their eggs in small insects ; 

 larvae apodal Chalcididae, Oxyuri, Chrysididae. 



Alliance 2. Schlupfwespen. Ovipositor very long, 

 divided into three hairs ; wings veined. Deposit then- 

 eggs in caterpillars ; larvae apodal Ichneumonidae, 

 Evaniidae. 



Alliance 3. Pflanzenwespen. Ovipositor spiral or saw- 

 shaped. Deposit their ova in plants ; larvae mostly 

 furnished with feet, and frequently resembling caterpillars 

 in form Cynipidae, Tenthredinidae, and Uroceridae. 



Order 3. Holothurioid Flies Lepidoptera. 



3521. Four veined wings, covered with small dust- 

 like scales ; maxillae have coalesced into a proboscis ; 

 larvae with thoracic and abdominal legs. 



The larvae or Caterpillars remind us of the Nereides, 

 especially the setaceous Aphrodites, such as theHolothuriae, 

 and further still, the Aselli and Scolopendrae. There are 

 Caterpillars, which are scarcely to be distinguished from 

 a Wood-louse. They subsist almost throughout upon 

 leaves, and being exposed to the light are therefore 

 variously coloured. They have maxillae, and in the 

 labium is the orifice of the salivary glands, from which 

 they spin the threads used in weaving their cocoons, or 

 social tents. Where they crawl they leave, like the 

 Spiders, their threads beneath them. 



The pupa state is perfect ; the perfect insect generally 



