604 BIOLOGY. 



Caterpillars, with many feet, and frequently covered with 

 hair, which live mostly in a state of freedom upon plants, 

 and in some cases make large cocoons freely exposed, in 

 others under the earth Noctuidte and Bombycida, 



Alliance 1. Moth-like Spinners, Noctuidce. 



a. Typical : Hadenae. 



b. Pseudobombycoid : Catocalse. 



c. Bombycoid: Erebidse. 



Alliance 2. Typical Spinners, Pseudo-Bomb^ <ces. 



a. Noctua-like : Psyches, Limacodes. 



b. Typical : Notodontee. 



c. Bombycoid : Callimorphae. 



Alliance 3. Homalopteroid Spinners, Bombycidae. 



a. Noctua-like : Bombyces. 



b. Pseudo-Bombycoid : Saturnise. 



c. Typical : Hepialidse. 



Fam. 3. Typical Lepidoptera, Homaloptera. 



Antennae varied ; wings flat and expanded ; proboscis 

 long GeometridcB, Vespertina, Diurna. 



Large Lepidoptera proceeding from free-living, strongly- 

 coloured, and mostly naked Caterpillars. 



The Geometridae have level, tolerably triangular wings 

 and filiform antennae ; they proceed from naked Cater- 

 pillars with few abdominal feet. 



The Vespertina have level, long, and narrow wings, 

 and spindle-shaped antennae; they emerge from perfect 

 Caterpillars. 



The Diurna have the wings folded upwards in a reverse 

 position, claviform antennae, and proceed from perfect 

 Caterpillars. 



Alliance 1. Moth-like Homaloptera, Geometridce. 



a. Typical : Geometrse. 



b. Sphingoid : Aposurse. 



c. Papilionaceous : Uraniidse. 



Alliance 2. Bombycoid Homaloptera, Sphingidce. 



a. Geometroid : Zygsenidse and Sesiada3. 



b. Typical : Sphingidse. 



c. Papilionaceous : Castniee. 



Alliance 3. Typical Homaloptera, Papilionidce. 



a. Geometroid : Hesperiidae, Lvcsenidse and Erycinidse. 



b. Splu'ngoid : Nymphalidse and Heliconiidse. 



c. Typical ; Pieridae and Papilionidag. 



