CHAPTER VI. 



JRust Smut Pepper Brand Ergot. 



Jt,ust, 190. Devastating character of this enemy to wheat, 190. Notices of the 

 appearance of rust in the United States and Canada, 192, 197. Isolated trade 

 of country affected, 198. Description of Rust, 199. Mode of growth and 

 nutrition, distinction from mildew, smut, bunt, and other fungi, 199. Magni- 

 fied drawing of rust on wheat, 199 (a). Description of the fungus, showing 

 spores and mycelium, or organs of reproduction and organs of nutrition, 

 199(a), 199(b). Description of fungi generally, 200. Conditions of the growth 

 of fungi, 201. Necessity for abundance of Ammonia, 201. Description of the 

 cuticle and epidermis of plants, on which fungi appear, 203. Stomata, their 

 functions, 204. Cellular tissue, its mechanical composition, 204 (a). Mode in 

 which water passes through plants, 205. Evaporation and exhalation, 205. 

 Exhalation, 206. Influence of light upon the opening of the Stomata, 208. 

 Evaporation, independent of vitality ; exhalation in a measure dependent upon 

 vitality, 210. Under suppressed evaporation and exhalation, the juices of 

 plants stagnate and become fitted for the growth of fungi, 211. Conditions 

 favourable to the growth of Rust, 212. Ammonia in the atmosphere, 212. 

 Nitric acid in the atmosphere, 212, 213. Effect of free Ammonia on vegetation, 

 214. Grorvth of fungi in foggy weather, 215. Presence of Ammonia in fogs, 

 216. Conditions for the appearance of rust fulfilled, 216. Rust prevalent on 

 new land, reason of this, 217. Remedy for Rust, 218. Powdered charcoal as an 

 absorbent of Ammonia, 218, 219. Quantity of Ammonia in the atmosphere, 

 220(a). Water absorbed by the roots of plants alone, 220(b). ' Cure ' for mil- 

 dew ; also ' cure ' for Rust, 221. Influence of salt of sea air, no Rust on sea 

 coast, 221. Chemical action of salt with regard to Ammonia, 222. Mode in 

 which salt operates in arresting Mildew and Rust, 222. Johnson's explanation 

 of the action of salt erroneous, 223. In the portions with water described it 

 acted as a poison, 222. Mr. Theodore Perry's experiments with salt, 223(a)- 

 Dr. August Voelcker's experiments with salt, 223(b). Effect of salt on wheat, 

 223(c). Early sowing of prepared seed one of the best remedial measures. 

 224. Connection of Rust with Ammonia exemplified, 225. Rust not found on 

 unexposed parts of the wheat plant, 226. Size of the sporules of certain fungi, 

 226. Size of the sporules of Rust, 226. Professor Henslow's opinion that 

 Rust is a miniature form of mildew. Rev. Mr. Sidney's opinion, 227. It is 

 probable that American Rust is not identical with the European Rubigo, 227. 

 So called Rust proof wheats, 228. Virginia White May, Siberian wheat, 

 Black Sea, Piper's set wheat, protection wheat, 228. Valuable instance of 

 checking the progress of Rust by Toronto Gas Lime, and rationale of its 

 operations ; early taking of the crop, 229(a). 



Smut Bunt Ear, 230. Remedial Measures ; commission at Rouen, 231. Soda and 

 lime. 231. Meltzer's method of steeping and preparing seed, 232, Rationale 

 of washing in pure water, 232 (a). 



Pepper Brand Bunt ; stinking rust ; characters, 234 Appearance of a grain 

 affected, mode in which the sporules enter, 235. M. Bauer's experiments, 235. 

 Common effect of the mycelium of a fungus, 236. Rationale of the use of 

 certain steeps, 237. 



