38 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 



to bring in a report on the amount of standing timber, and the cost of logging it, 

 without regard to the conditions most favourable for the securing of another crop 

 from the cut over area; his report will deal almost entirely with the amount of 

 lumber that is likely to be obtained and the cost of logging it per thousand feet, 

 board measure. It will say very little, if anything, about the leaving of seed trees 

 to fill with their progeny the openings made in the forest by the loggers; the age, 

 density and condition of the seedlings which have already established themselves ; 

 the precautions necessary to protect the seedlings from destruction by fire and 

 browsing animals; the effect of opening up the forest upon the trees that remain, 

 as regards their liability to windfall and increased rate of growth; the effect of 

 leaving undesirable species in possession of the soil ; and other matters that must 

 be considered when it is proposed to prevent the destruction of our rapidly dim- 

 inishing forested areas. * 



If, however, it is proposed to diminish the possible revenue that may be ob- 

 tained by the present destructive methods of lumbering and to so manage the wood- 

 lands that they will always regulate the flow of water in the streams and yield a 

 perpetual supply of timber, it will be necessary to establish permanent roads for 

 the removal of forest products and the protection of the growing stock from fire. It 

 will also be necessary to know exactly the amount of growing stock, and the rate 

 at which it is increasing, so that it may not be removed at a faster rate than it is 

 being replaced. To lay out roads to the best advantage, whether for destructive 

 lumbering or for the purpose of deriving a sustained yield, it is necessary to have 

 exact information regarding the topography of the tract, and before it is possible 

 to put it under proper management it is necessary to know its sylvicultural condition. 

 Thus it appears that the forest engineer who would make a complete survey of a 

 tract of timber must be familiar with the methods of plane and topographic survey- 

 ing, so that he may properly mark the boundaries of his timberland and prepare 

 an accurate map showing the size and location of the various ridges, gullies, swamps, 

 lakes, streams and other topographical features that will determine the location and 

 character of the necessary roads, dams, bridges, etc. He must also be able to 

 estimate the amount of standing timber and know how to make accurate studies 

 of its rate of growth. Without this information he would not know how much tim- 

 ber it would be safe to remove at each cutting, without diminishing the value of 

 the property. 



From this it will be seen that the essential difference between a forester and 

 an old-time lumberman is that one makes provision for the production of future 

 crops, the other does not. Heretofore, it has not been considered necessary to 

 make such provision, but the truth is rapidly being forced home upon us that if we 

 are wise in our day and generation we must speedily correct the error of our ways 

 and make a determined effort to get our forest areas managed in a less suicidal 

 manner than in times past. 



TOPOGRAPHIC METHODS. 



In a rough way, every logger is his own topographer, and has acquired his 

 knowledge by cruising, but unfortunately it is apt to be inaccurate, is easily for- 

 gotte,n and cannot be transferred to his successor, who has to acquire his knowledge 

 of the locality all over again. Thus, to the man who directs the conduct of a 

 large business from a central point, an accurate map showing the topography of 

 the tract is simply invaluable, because its topography very largely determines the 

 course of all woods work. The essential features of such a map are that it clearly 



