CANADIAN FORESTS? ASSOCIATION . \ 5 



knowledge of forestry conditions important, young men seeking proper 

 qualifications for forestry work became apprenticed to such forest mana- 

 gers as had acquired a local reputation for forest knowledge and good for- 

 est management. In this way a number of one man forest schools grew 

 up in various parts of the country. Later, some of this work was done at 

 the Universities under the direction of the State, notably at the University 

 of Berlin. Considerable work was also done at many of the Universities 

 in conection with Chairs of Political Economy. Forestry publications be- 

 came quite numerous, even at this time the eighteenth century the works 

 being of little scientific value, but serving to show the awakening of popular 

 interest in the question and the appreciation of the importance of a gen- 

 eral diffusion of knowledge regarding forestry matters. 



During the nineteenth century Germany continued to make rapid ad- 

 vance in forestry education. The private schools and the chairs of for- 

 estry at the Universities were continued. The first good school of an ad- 

 vanced character was established as a state institution in connection with 

 the University of Berlin. This school was afterwards removed to a forest 

 region at Neustadt-Eberswald, and has grown to much importance. Sax- 

 ony has a large, state-supported school of forestry and agriculture com- 

 bined. In Bavaria an extended controversy took place as to the respec- 

 tive merits of a special forest faculty at the University and a separate for- 

 est school. In this instance a special faculty was added to the University 

 of Munich, and this policy seems to be the present tendency throughout the 

 empire. The improved facilities for travel have removed the chief objec- 

 tion to the University plan, namely, the distance of the Universities from 

 the productive forests. Outside of the Universities there are numerous 

 schools for the education of the lower class of forest officials. And, in 

 addition to the schools, experiment stations have been established for the 

 investigation of forest management, methods of thinning and forest me- 

 teorology. There are several forestry associations conducted, however, 

 not so much as instruments for the awakening of public opinion, as for 

 the presentation of technical papers and the discussion of scientific forestry 

 topics. There is also a very extensive literature dealing with forestry 

 matters. An annual summary of magazine literature is likewise published. 



In Austria, forest education is quite as prominent as in Germany. A 

 considerable part of the Austrian forest is in the hands of large private 

 owners. For this reason the first schools were private ones, established on 

 the properties of these owners. In 1800 two schools were established, one 

 in Bohemia and one in Moravia. In 1805 the first state institution was 

 established. This now forms a part of the large institution for agriculture 

 and forestry at Vienna. This school has had an attendance since 1875 f 

 over 3,000 students in forestry alone. There are also several forest 

 schools for the education of the lower grades of foresters, and minor 

 schools for the education of forest guards or rangers. Forest experiment 

 stations have been established as in Germany, and an extensive and val- 

 uable forest literature has grown up. Due perhaps to the large number of 

 private owners, forest associations in Austria are numerous and active. 

 Where such do not exist separately, they form departments of associations 

 for the promotion of both agriculture and forestry, under the general term 

 of soil culture. 



